Journeys

Through my study of micehal gows novel away, the docu custodytary Cinderalla Children and the novel scrap Club, i now agree with Marcell Proust that We dont recieve wisdom we must(prenominal) discoer it for ourselves after a journey that no one else can take for us. The individuals in these texts gain wisdom from their journeys as a result of their experiences, perspective and ain growth, however some choose to use their wisdom more than sagely than other(a)s. This proves that wisdom can not be received but quite a we must discover it for ourselves.The character that is seen to undergo the most profound revision within the text Away , by Michael Gow in my eyes, is chromatic. We are introduced to red coral to be in an emotionally fragile condition, grieving the death of her son. She is seen to nurse alienated herself from night club, and has a strained relationship with her husband Roy, unable to adjust to his expectations. Corals psychological state is clearly depicted i n the soliloquy Gow has utilised in Act One Scene Three.Through her lyric we understand that she is in an unstable state, as suggested at the beginning of the soliloquy, where she states, When that cleaning wo reality woke up and saw that donkey at her feet I thought my sum of money would break. This line generally depicts her detachment and alienation from society, through the inconceivable words utilize. Throughout irene gleesons life ( before the thought of the cinderella children project even started ) she had go through pain and truma due to her past but she had a very well-knit religious belief in Christ which she believed assistanceed her through her drakest days.With her fatherless home and caustic childhood, he grew to fashion a motherfigure to her family, even though later take down the track her marriage broke down which resulting in her leaving her faith in god for a spiritual search, but through trialing other religions she returned to her Christian faith e ven more determined to help. She grew to know the Nazarene as the only husband she needed. So before she knew it she had sold her imagine beach house and her possessions to afford the big move with her caravan over to kitgum, Uganda.This is where the sentiment that gaining wisdom through out past experiences or journeys it whitethorn not seem relevant at the time but fundememntally help you when your struggling. The principal(prenominal) character in Fight Club is the cashier and the main themes of the story are loneliness, materialism, and freedom from society. Tyler was created because of the lack of connection the fabricator had with the slew almost him. The narrator was lonely and attended so many view as groups because of it. He was not rejected at the support groups because the members thought he was sick just like they were.Materialism is a reoccurring theme as the narrator mentions how he has worked his entire life for the Ikea items in his apartment. He tried to t ake aim the void in his life by buying worthless, significanceless stuff. spate spend too much time working for things they do not need. The narrator comes to the conclusion that, You are not your job or your possessions. provided once a person realizes that can he or she finally let go and start living. Its only after youve disordered everything, Tyler says, that youre free to do anything. In order to be free, we must not care about the stuff we own.When Tyler states The things you own, end up owning you it in truth opens the narrators eyes too see what he has based his life around stuff. Our whole lives are spent working to pay for stuff. If we did not have stuff to pay for, we would not have to work as hard and our time could be spent doing something more meaningful. This idea is besides conveyed through the character Gwen from Michael Gows Away. A major conflict beside the end of the story is between Tyler Durden and the narrator. The narrator discovered Tyler was a m yth of his imagination and he trusted to stop him.The narrator wanted to repair rid of Tyler, end Project Mayhem, and all of the Fight Clubs. Tyler did not want to leave and this conflict was resolved with the narrator shooting himself and killing Tyler. Tyler was created as someone the narrator always wanted to be. Tyler was the narrators gun for hire and the narrator envied everything Tyler stood for. The narrator started to lose his own conformist identity and become more and more like Tyler. As the novel progressed, the narrator grew more miserable while becoming Tyler. Becoming Tyler was emotionally and physically course for the narrator.Throughout the novel, the narrator is battling his former self and Tyler. He tried to find a happy medium between the two extremes. Towards the end, the narrator found this to be an impossible task as Tyler began to take over more and more. The narrator could not allow Tyler to continue controlling his life and destroying society so he had to shoot Tyler and himself in the process. We need a break. We need a change (Act twain Scene Four). Gow has applied short and direct sentences to mate Corals obstinacy and determination towards change.The repetition of we need a reflects how Coral has prioritised change, and her views of change being a necessity. These techniques effectively suggest Corals acceptance towards change. Coral conjuncts the connotation of the holiday with positive implications, ostensible through her statement Well have a wonderful, wonderful time (Act Two Scene Four). Repetition is prevalent once again in this excerpt, and has been used by Gow to portray her positive attitude in regards to the opportunity to change.This is where the idea that transformation on a journey comes from acceptance and letting go of past hurts that control you. The explicit meaning of the story in Fight Club is that Tyler made Fight Club for a way for men to overcome the frustrations of their professional and personal li ves. There are no rules or limits as to how far Tyler will go to fulfil his goal. The implicit meaning is that Fight Club was made as an answer to the rejection of a consumer society is with the use of violence. Fighting was a way to free a man from society.

Postmodern Theory in Art Essay

school of thought refers to the search for truth, innovation, knowledge and performance by sense and rationale. Philosophy attempts to believe the nature of existence, soundness, imp ruseiality, beauty, mind and language. finesse on the early(a) hand refers to the process of arranging elements in a creative manner that makes them appealing to the senses and the emotions. Art includes performance which involves the use of language. The creative person Paul McCarthy, born in 1945 in Salt Lake City, learned his art skills at the University of Utah in the course of study 1969.On his further studies at San Francisco art institute, he studied char subprogramerization and went further to study film, video and art at the University of Southern California. McCarthy major(ip) his work in video and sculpture having taught performance, video, inst bothation and performance art history at the University of California (Bronfen 214). McCarthy in his deeds institutes color as a central th eme in his story of modern and coeval work. McCarthys life and art work are connected to the enforce centered on the role of artists within the finales and the system of art.In his works he proves a bit of a chocker. The use of language and descriptions of all the American culture that he grew up with, he works towards crook and transforming the familiar into the disturbing. The works of McCarthy definitely removes the dark side of the American romance and presents a selection of postmodernist works bring aboutd between 1966 and 2006. The philosophies of Kierkegaard involved a unifying factor which evolved roughly three spheres of existence, which is the aesthetic, the ethical and the religious excerpt in constant tension.According to Kierkegaard the ain aesthetic enjoyment is in the inconsistent search of pleasure which is self-centered. Comparing the artist Paul McCarthy to this ism, it is square away that the philosophical system involved beauty and pleasure which is mainly egocentric clean like the work of McCarthy which involves the provision of pleasurable activities, through performance and gorgeous paintings (Robert & Adorno 132). The ethical sphere hitherto is not egocentric unless impersonal. It involves a law centered on reasoning as opposed to personal inclination and expediency.Kierkegaard asserts that at this stage, life does not just involve a succession of separate moments of pleasure but is a long set forth venture which should be structured according to rational principles. The principles according to Kierkegaards philosophies do not only include the rules of eventual interest but the conceptual ideologies of morality that describe what an individual should do. Just like Kierkegaards ideals, in McCarthys attempts to reduce the disadvantages of painting, he resorted to using the body as a canvas.He later involved the use of bodily fluids and foods to act as surrogates in his work. separate than painting the work of McCarthy included transgressive demonstration art, psychosexual events which were meant to test the emotions of both the artist and the viewer. McCarthy in his works was cognize for shocking, sexually charged pieces that feature benign cartoon and pop culture characters reflecting the ideologies of morality which teaches the viewers and the artist on what they should do (Glennie 34).Much of the works of Kierkegaard looks into religious premises like the conviction in God, the organization of the Christian church, the Christian ethics and divinity and the emotions and feelings of different people when dealing with the choices of life. Kierkegaard remained the roughly influential figure in modern philosophys shape just like McCarthy who remained the most influential artist in the postmodern artistry. Kierkegaard believed and insisted on individual rather than collective responsibility before God.In the stage of true religious choice, only a leap of faith that provides a ground for decisio n is employed, however there are no automatic rational decision procedures. According to the philosophy of Kierkegaard, acknowledgment of the convey for religion as a personal dedication to truth is the major component of life. Relating to this principle of Kierkegaard, McCarthy centers his interest within the occasional activities of life and the disarray created by such activities. Due to misinformation by people, McCarthy has been taken to be influenced by the Viennese Actionism.Due to his dedication to truth as his life component, McCarthy clarifies that he knew the activities of the group in the 1970s but there exists a bountiful difference between the self deleterious activities of the Viennese and his own performances. This is a reflection that as Kierkegaards principle of individual responsibility to God, McCarthy obeys the selfsame(prenominal) principle and would therefore not engage in the injurious activities of the Viennese (Ben 56). The view of Kierkegaard on the fr ee oppose can be soundless on why he hated the press.He was mainly interested on the public sphere which had been a source of problem for galore(postnominal) ingeniouss in the middle of the 18th century before the democratization and the expansion of the press. In his view to the free press, Kierkegaard abandoned the use of internet with the claims that it promoted guess free ambiguity and idle curiosity that undermined responsibility and dedication. Kierkegaards opposite to the press is said to put on had sociological, political and psychological motivations.He however claims that he does not attack the press because of the liberalism or any other political reason. As has been noted earlier, the works of Kierkegaard mainly revolved around religious issues. His view was therefore opposing free press because he believed that the press and especially the daily newspaper were making Christianity and religious matters impossible. definitely from his political, sociological and psychological qualms, he considered the press as a affright to both cultural and religious practices.Because of these reasons Kierkegaard continued to attack the public and the press up to 1846 in his writings. With the democratization of the public sphere by the daily press, Kierkegaard felt that the public sphere was becoming a new and a dangerous cultural experience whereby the ranking created by the press was to produce almostthing that was very wrong right from the beginning. In the modern society Kierkegaard gives his check view on the relation of the press, public sphere and the ranking pickings place in his time.He considers the press mysterious and desituated with no fixation and dedication and combines in this philosophical age to produce the public. The ideals and the philosophies of Kierkegaard strongly unnatural the theologians and the existential philosophy. Even though Kierkegaard was a very strong defender of religious faith he was an unhappy, neurotic and a te rribly woefulness man (Ben 356). His belief was that the best way to disclose truth was through dramatic confrontation of conflicting practices to life.In addition to his ideals and philosophical works, Kierkegaard was a thinker and a genius. His philosophy despite having not been presented in a systematic and analytical manner, contain several wealth of sharp intellectual insights. Due to lack of coherent stance, the philosophies of Kierkegaard have remained questionable. Nevertheless according to Kierkegaard, his principles have been mainly on how one can become a Christian. Other than his philosophical work, Kierkegaard had complex poetic work which rewards careful reading.The totals of moral of his philosophy can be put into a single sentence that the existence of human beings needs real passion and thought. Conclusion Art and philosophy may be two different disciplines, but still some principles or morals of an artist and a philosopher may relate in some way. The revealed exam ple is between the artist Paul McCarthy and the philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. The ideals and the philosophies of Soren Kierkegaard match the artist Paul McCarthy for instance, both of them seems to value aesthetics, ethical values and religious choices and issues.

Bottling Company

BOTTLING COMPANY History of coca cola bottles CocaColas story has got a lot of bottle more than 115 years worth, in fact. The worlds favourite soft suck up started life as a soda initiation beverage, selling for five cents a glass, tho it was only when a strong bottling system developed that CocaCola became the world-famous brand it is today. 1894 A modest start for a bold idea Mississippi fink owner Joseph A. Biedenharn began bottling CocaCola after he was impressed by its sales.He sold the drink to his customers in a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson. At the time Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took noneeaction. One of his nephews already had urged that CocaCola be bottled, but Candler foc intent upd on fountain sales. 1916 Birth of the class bottle Bottlers worried that a straight-sided bottle wasnt distinctive enough and that CocaCola was becoming easily conf apply with copycat brands. scum manufactur ers were approached to come up with a unique bottle design for CocaCola.The gouge Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, designed with the famous descriptor shape, which won intent approval from CocaCola in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. * The signifier bottle design was shake by the curves and grooves of a cocoa bean. * Today, its one of the most recognised icons in the world even in the dark. * Blues players have been known to use necks from CocaColas contour bottles to play slide guitar, coining the term bottleneck slide. 1923 hexad packs Six pack carriers of CocaCola bottles were introduced to encourage people to take their drinks home and were a great hit. 928 Bottle overtakes fountain For the first time, the volume of CocaCola sold in bottles exceeded the amount sold through soda fountains. 1950 Media moments The CocaCola contour bottle was the first commercial message product to appear on the cover of TIME magazine, establishing CocaCola as a truly internation al brand. Also this year, the first television advert featuring CocaColas contour bottle appe ard during CBS The Edgar Bergen-Charlie McCarthy Show. 1955 Packaging innovations For the first time, people could buy different surface bottles of CocaCola. As well as the traditional 6. ounce contour bottle, shops in addition started selling turgidr 10, 12 and 26 ounce versions. 1960 Trademark no. 1 The contour bottle with the word CocaCola written on it stock its first mark from the US Patent and Trademark Office. 1977 Trademark no. 2 The CocaCola contour bottle was granted a second label for the contour shape itself, with no words written on it. 1978 utile bottles CocaCola introduced the world to the two litre court plastic bottle. It became popular for a lot of reasons it doesnt break its re-sealable, lightweight and recyclable. 2000 Reducing wasteCocaCola introduced the ultra-glass contour bottle designed for improved impact resistance, reduced weight and cost. These bottl es are 40 per cent stronger and 20 per cent lighter than the original CocaCola contour bottle saving approximately 52,000 metric heaps of glass in 2006. 2005 Aluminium bottles CocaCola joined forces with design firms from five continents to launch a rising aluminium contour bottle called the M5 (Magnificent 5). 2009 Green bottles CocaCola launched the innovativePlantBottlein the US, a completely recyclable coddle container made with 30 per cent tune materials, including sugar cane extracts. 011 Going green globally PlantBottle packaging is ready(prenominal) in nine countries with launches planned for many additional markets in 2011 and beyond. armorial bearing ducky In this context, what was the appropriate repartee by CCBPI? The environmental quandary was clear-cut and the decisions and directions were defining moments of the company managements assessment of the situation. It was amidst this situation, the course Mission PET was born in the last quarter of yr 2000. PET stands for Pinoy Environment Team to underscore the indigenous Filipino endeavor. Its objectives are . To promote recognition of CCBPIs one-way containers as recyclables and to encourage order of battle and recovery of these post consumer beverage containers 2. To encourage among strategic stakeholders the environmental right through education and information dissemination 3. To marshal the youth to attempt collection and recovery of the one-way PET containers and to guide them in linking up with environmentally minded organizations 4. To mirror managements active response to a critical social problem. Mission PET target earreach is a wide spectrum of stakeholders.People of all ages and walks of life consume Coca-Cola products obviously, they are besides garbage generators. cycle of PET Containers There is now a PET Recycling Technology present in Metro Manila area. continuously Fiber Corporation in Pulang Lupa, Valenzuela City, has registered with the Board of Investment s and obtained Income Tax Holiday for half-dozen years from April 2002 for the annual production of 1,583,733 kilograms of polyester staple fibre, necessary for the production of recitation for industrial garments and fibers. In Year 1, Forever Fiber will use 1,456 scores of used PET bottles, and by Year 5, it would be needing 2,043 tons of used PET.Multipet Corporation in Malinta, Valenzuela City produces strapping materials, commonly called plehe, from recycled PET wastes. Such materials are used locally and abroad for strapping boxes or cargoes, such as for mangoes, suha or durian. Out of its annual output of 460 tons per year, Multipet channels approximately 5% of its output to low-income communities in Malabon and Navotas where enterprising families roll market baskets (bayong), knapsacks and folding beds, for livelihood. A thriving market exists for 15 large consolidators known as Metro Recycling Association who xport every calendar month around 400 tons of PET flakes as feedstock for the enormous non-woven fiber factories in China and Korea to produce polyester. Polyester is a part of such sosyal items as Patagonia bags, Nike shoes, skiers windbreakers, jackets, carpets and comforters. Think about this for a moment If your outerwear or innerwear trademark says Polyester, or Polyester with cotton, or Polyester with rayon -in all possibility, you are wearing recycled Coca-Cola PET bottles Recycling of Aluminum Cans Reynolds Recycling Corporations two (2) furnaces in Dasmarinas, Cavite, are, for the moment, silent, shutdown.But further West in Barangay Osorio, in Trece Martires City, in that respect is Cavite Aluminum Recycling Corp. producing aluminium ingots for the Philippine market and the aluminium alloy requirements of industries in Japan. In addition, in that respect are dozens of registered and unregistered converters producing aluminum sheets for cooking woks and claddings mostly from recycled aluminum beverage containers. Today, Metro Manila Linis Gandas members and other junk shops there are at least 1,200 registered in Metro Manila compass handsomely from the collection of PET and UBCs. So do their eco-aides.Just look at the tons of collected by the Linis Ganda coops in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. Unseen by the public eye are the big warehouses compacting UBCs into 20-kilo blocks for export via container ship to Japan, China, Malaysia, and U. S. Aluminum, by the way, is perpetually recyclable And aluminum scrap price is a fictitious character for trading at the London Metal Exchange. Look at the issue of aluminum scrap exports Collection by Mission PET convalescence Centers For the past 21 months, the Centers have redeemed 4,200,000 (million) and 3,000,000 (million) pieces of aluminum and PET containers, respectively.Thats what we have directly scooped out of the waste stream. In 2001, Philippines exported 23,053 tons of aluminum scrap with a value of US$416,145,305. For PET, the country recove red about 5,040 metric tons in 2001 from the 24,000 metric tons that we generated in the form of resin, pre-form and bottle container. That is a recovery rate of 21 percent PET or polyethylene terephthalate is the familiar soft plastic popularly used in myriad consumer and household products because of its lightweight, clarity and shatter-resistance.It is a polymer, a large-hearted of plastic. Among the seven classifications of plastic, PET is coded 1 in the international recycling logo. (See extension C. ) The marking, made by the U. S. Society of Plastic Industry, is found at the shag of the container to facilitate its segregation and recycling. The Seven Types of Plastics commonly used in the Philippines 1. polythene Terephthalate (PET) Common uses soft drink bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut cover jugs, water bottles 2. High Density polythene (HDPE)Common uses detergent bottles, milk jugs, grocery store bags 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Common uses plastic pipes, outdoor furniture 4. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Common uses produce bags, food storage containers 5. Polypropylene (PP) Common uses aerosol caps, drinking straws 6. Polystyrene (PS) Common uses packaging pellets, cups, meat trays 7. Others Common uses certain signifier of food containers Report in N. S. E Bottling Company REpOrTeRs Cacayorin, Sarah Jane Mabini, Sherwin John Submitted to Ms. Mercedes Mascarina

Financial Analysis of Two Company

07. 7. 2012 Bilal Elarslan 2007432031 Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Business Business Administration ManagerialFinance pecuniary Analysis of Ulker &P? nar Sut List of Contents Introduction 3 1. Ulker 4 1. 1 History of Ulker 4 1. 2 About Ulker5 1. 3 channelholder Structure 6 1. 4 Subsidaries6 1. 5 Wacc of Ulker7 1. 6 leverage8 1. 7 run(a) and fiscal leverage of Ulker8 1. 8 beta Analysis9 1. 9 Ulkers genus of import Coefficent9 1. 10 Additional financial Information & key ratios10 2. P? nar Sut. 12 2. History Of P? nar Sut. 12 2. 2 general Overview of conjunction. 13 2. 3 destinyholder Structure. 15 2. 4 Wacc of P? nar Sut16 2. 5 Leverage. 17 2. 6 P? nar Suts genus Beta coefficent18 2. 7 Additional informations & key ratios19 Appendix20 References22Introduction In this research paper I wide-awake the financial ana? ysis of Ulker & P? nar Sut. While preparing this extend first offly I energise to choose two union Which ar * Ulker * P? nar sut While preparing this rep ort I re anyy mentioned about what we learned during manegerial finance lessons. As a result with this aim, I prepargond my term project by feature both acconting methods and my knowledge about finance. 1. ULKER 2. 1 History of Ulker 1944- Ulker Biskuvi was established in the Eminonu di unyielding of Istanbul. It started out as a small bakery with dear three workers, producing 200 kg of biscuits per day.A few courses later, the Company move to the Topkap? district of Istanbul. 1948- Producing a issue forth of 75 tons of biscuits in 1944, Ulker Biscuits tripled its contentedness at its Topkap? grinder, built in 1948 specifically in order to adjoin the yield volume. 1955- Ulker Biscuits decided to distribute its products finishedout Turkey at factory prices and achieved a great production increase with this innovation. 1970- In gillyflower with the harvest-time strategy, Anadolu G? da Sanayii A. S. was founded in Ankara as a multiple-sh arholder company and the production capacity of Ulker Biscuits was doubled. 974- The first biscuit export was make after(prenominal) choosing the substance East as the derriere merchandise. Opportunities for international competition were change magnitude with the constitution of the R&D department in the same year. 1979- Ulker products began to be obturateed in cellophane-based packaging. 2003- Ulker Biskuvi merged under its own title with Anadolu G? da, whose deal outs have been quoted on Istanbul Stock Exchange since 1996. 2008- Within the scope of bodily Governance, the Articles of Association were amended and Corporate Governance and Audit Committees were set up.At the germ of 2008, Ulker Biskuvi took part in the acquisition of the premium chocolatier brand, Godiva, with a 25. 23% share. 2. 2 About Ulker As the first company established within Y? ld? z guardianship, operate its core business for 64 years, Ulker Biscuits serves as the flagship of the Holding both in terms of gross revenue turnover and remunerationability. According to the Istanbul bedroom of Industry (ICI) in 2009 list of Turkeys Top ergocalciferol Industrial Enterp rebellions, Ulker Biscuits was ranked 104th. Ulker Biscuits bring abouts biscuits, crackers, hot chocolate covered biscuits and wafers at its factories in Istanbul/Topkap? and Ankara.As the incontestable bullocker in the Turkish biscuit industry, Ulker Biscuits overly takes its place among the gargantuan food producers of the populace, with its 280 assorted biscuit and cracker products that are supplied to both the topical anaesthetic and international markets. In 1996, Ulker Biscuits received the ISO 9002 certification for quality standards in production and in 2001, it was portion outed the HACCP certification for quality standards in food safety. In 2002, it won the top mark of High Level in an analysis make by the Europe-based quality certification regular BRC, which further secured its successful order in the field of quality control .Ulker Biscuits develops new products in its independent laboratories, employing an go through and innovative R&D staff, always keeping its quality- cogitate approach. Introducing an amount of 60 new products per year to the market, Ulker Biscuits has continued to excel in innovation, thus qualification Ulker one of the top food brands. Ulker Biscuits products are exported mainly to the Middle East, Russia and primeval Asian Republics, as well as to Europe, Africa and the United States. Ulker Biscuits not exactly contributes to Turkeys economy through its exports, but it also successfully represents Turkeys approach to quality on a global scale.Ulker Biscuits has an effective quality control system that injects synergy into the entire outgrowth from production through consumption and it continues its investments based on its strategy that is focused on sustainable and profitable growth. Ulker Biscuits is a consumer-focused company that satisfies its consumers needs and expect ations at the maximum level, and it has formed a harmonious and lasting birth with its target group. Surveys conducted in recent years attest to the high levels of loyalty to the Ulker brand.In the Brands 2008 thought by AC Nielsen, Ulker was ranked first in the biscuit category, and insurgent and third in the categories of top-of-the-mind brands and those that consumers feel closest to, respectively. Local distribution of biscuits and chocolate covered products produced by Ulker Biscuits and its subsidiaries is undertaken by its subsidiary, Atlas G? da Pazarlama, and different marketing companies of Y? ld? z Holding, Esas Pazarlama, Merkez G? da Pazarlama and Rekor Pazarlama. 2. 3 Shareholder Structure Shareholders of Ulker company dated 31/12/2010 is as follows.Shareholders Share(TRY) (%) Y? ld? z Holding A. S. 106. 999. 435 39,84 Others 161. 600. 565 60,16 Capital 268. 600. 000 100 1. 4 Subsideries Ulker Biscuits, the flagship of Y? ld? z Holding, associated with a number of companies within the Holding, It has developed a strong portfolio interactional structure with both vertical and horizontal integration. under this mutually near structure, Ulker Biscuits and otherwise companies within Y? ld? Holding, each occupy a principal position in their firmaments. In addition to various biscuit facilities in cities in Anatolia, Ulker Biscuits has developed a dynamic production process that reaches into all branches of the food industry, including high quality flour, butter and packaging facilities. 1. 5 leaden Average comprise of Capital Corporations create time value for shareholders by earning a return on the invested groovy that is above the speak to of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to enter if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worthwhile to undertake.WACC is expressed as a percentage, like involution. WACC of Ulker Company is %12,1. This room that investments should be made that give return higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the WACC of %12,1. WACC= (Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) Tax rate 20% 1. 6 Leverage Leverage refers to the effects that fixed costs have on the returns that shareholders earn. By fixed costs we mean costs that do not grow and fall with changes in a sloppeds sales. Firms have to manufacture these fixed costs whether business conditions are good or bad.A trustworthy with more leverage may earn higher returns on average than a firm with less leverage, but the returns on the more leveraged firm will also be more volatile. Managers can influence leverage in their decisions about how the company raises money to operate. The amount of leverage in the firms capital structure the mix of long-term debt and integrity maintained by the firm can significantly affect its value by affecting return and endangerment. The more debt a firm issues, the higher are its debt repayment costs, and those costs essential be paid unheeding of how the firms products are selling.Because leverage can have such a puffy impact on a firm, the financial charabanc must understand how to measure and evaluate leverage, particularly when making capital structure decisions. operating(a) leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firms sales revenue and its earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) or operating profits. When costs of operations (such as cost of goods sold and operating expenses) are largely fixed, small changes in revenue will lead to much larger changes in EBIT. financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firms EBIT and its common stock earnings per share (EPS).On the income statement, you can key out that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, uprise and falling with the firms profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usually fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when th e firm has a lot of financial leverage), small changes in EBIT produce larger changes in EPS. Total leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firms sales revenue and EPS. 1. Operating and mo breadary Leverage of Ulker in 2011 Sales revenue enhancement 10. 445. 022. 950 Less COGS (9. 243. 511. 780) Operating Leverage Gross Profit1. 201. 511. 170 Less Operating Expenses(46. 450. 461) EBIT1. 155. 060. 709 Total Less Interest18. 799. 809 Leverage exculpate profit before tax1. 136. 260. 900 Financial Leverage Less Taxes 137. 983. 993 Net profit after taxes 998. 276. 907 Less preferent stock dividends (518. 995. 890)Earnings available for common (EAC) 479. 281. 017 1. 8 Beta Analysis imperious risk beta coefficient is a measure of a security. In other words, it is the relationship the performance of securities market with the average performance. It is coefficient of the change in solution to a unit change in securities market. The market beta coefficient is authoritative to be 1 for every time. In theory, all forms of securities in the market can be said that the beta coefficient equal to 1 in the fares. We can make 3 different beta coefficient is interpretation. 1- Beta coefficient of 1, Beta coefficient is higher than 1, 3- Beta coefficient is lower than 1. 1. 9 Ulkers Beta Coefficient Ulker beta coefficient is higher than 1 that is 1,02. So it represents the market price of securities will rise or fall more than the market. Beta coefficient that is higher than 1 is more risky than less than 1. Hence the beta coefficient of securities is less than 1 also reduces the risk of the portfolio. Therefore, in emerging markets (bull market), while beta coefficient higher than 1 which is providing higher returns than stock market, in falling market (bear market) makes a higher damage.For this reason, the falling stock markets prefers beta coefficient less than 1. ? 1 the share movement is fast-breaking than the index (high risk and high volatility). And volatility is average price of a security or market fluctuation feature that is shown in a short time interval. Volatility of a high-speed change in the price of securities and properties of extreme volatility are seen. The higher the beta coefficient causes change magnitude in volatility of securities. Ford coefficient is high and its volatility is increasing of securities. ParameterParameter Coefficient banal Error T- value A 0. 42 0. 54 0. 77 Beta 1. 02 1. 027 0. 99 F=92. 616472228 r2=0. 614915957 STD error=0. 155688307 1. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Capital risk management The Group controls its capital with the indebtedness / total capital ratio. Net liability is divided by total capital in this ratio. Cash and cash equivalents are substracted from total loans to count on the net liability. The shareholders integrity is added to net liabilties to calculate the total capital. ) Liquidity risk management The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves, banking facilities and reserve borrowing facilities by continuously monitoring hope and actual cash flows and matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. The funding risk of the current and prospective debt demands is managed by maintaining the availability of lenders with high quality and in sufficient number The following table presents the maturity of Groups non-derivative financial liabilities. The table includes both interest and principal cash flows. . PINAR SUT 3. 4 History of P? nar Sut 1975 P? nar Sut is established in Izmir as the Middle Easts biggest dairy farm farm processing complex and Turkeys first UHT (ultra-high temperature bear upon) draw and packaged dairy products manufacturing plant. 1976 The company begins producing Turkeys first processed quit and chocolate draw. 1978 P? nar sliced kashkaval cheese and P? nar spreadable cheese are introduced to consumers. 1980 A Kraft-P? nar joint venture is launched. P? nar Sut introduces its Deram, Raglet, Maribo, and Cheddar cheese varieties. 982 The company begins exporting milk, cheese, butter, yoghourt, and strawberry milk to Central Europe, Cyprus, and the Middle East. 1983 P? nar Yem is set up to provide high quality feeds to the P? nar Suts raw milk suppliers. P? nar Mayonnaise, Turkeys first domestically-manufactured mayonnaise goes on sale. P? nar Beyaz, Turkeys first spreadable cheese, and P? nar Whipped Topping, a close-grained whipped topping both go into production. 1984 P? nar Sut begins exporting its labaneh, milk, yogurt drink, butter, yoghurt, cheese, whipped topping, and mayonnaise products to Kuwait, Cyprus, and Germany. 985 Labaneh is launched in the Turkish market under the name P? nar Labaneh. 1992 P? nar Sut is awarded the Turkish Standards Institutes (TSE) Golden Packaging award for the introduction of the first foil-sealed yoghurt container. Form Milk, Turkeys first low-fat milk, and Cikolasut, chocolate milk made with real, natural chocolate, go on sale. 1993 P? nar Sut becomes the first company in its sector to be awarded TS ISO 9002 Quality direction organization certification. 1994 P? nar Sut receives another TSEGolden Packaging award for its 10-liter bag-in-box pack design.Having successfully demonstrated its compliance with European standards in terms of production, sales, and after-sales services, P? nar Sut becomes the first dairy products company to receive TS ISO 9001 Quality Management System certification. 1995 P? nar long-life fruit yoghurts and prepared desserts go into production. Turkish consumers are introduced to P? nar light (low-fat) and extra light yoghurts and to low-fat, triangular cheese. 1997 P? nar Sut opens its Eskisehir plant. 1999 P? nar Sut introduces its Denge run of lactose-free, high-calcium, and vitaminenhanced milks. 000 As a result of investments at the Eskisehir plant, P? na r Sut launches the worlds first continuous-process production of cream-top yoghurt. 2001 UHT milk supplied in plastic bottles goes into production. 2003 Under an agreement with Sodima, P? nar Sut launches production of fruit yoghurts in Turkey. 2004 P? nar introduces its Kafela, Karamela, and Cikolasut line of products in packaging particularly designed to appeal to young people. P? nar Sut is awarded TS 13001 HACCP Food Safety System certification. 2005 Turkeys first native milk and first prebiotic and probiotic dairy products are introduced to the market. 007 P? nars YOPI line of calcium-, protein-,and vitamin-enhanced dairy products for children goes into production. 2008 P? nar Sut becomes the first company in Turkeys dairy industry to undertake a Lean 6 Sigma usable excellence and productivity project. P? nar Milk for Kids, a milk specially designed for child nutrition, is introduced to the market. 2009 P? nar lemonade and tropical fruit drink are introduced to the ma rket. 2010 P? nar Kido with Biscuit, Honey Flavored P? nar Kids Milk, and P? nar Breakfast Cream discontinue products go on sale. 3. 5 General Overview of P? ar Sut The innovate of many firsts in its sector since the day it was founded, P? nar Sut makes use of the nearly modern engine room available to produce and supply consumers with the milk and dairy products that are essential to good nutrition. The first to introduce the concept of rubicund milk and dairy products in Turkey When it was originally founded in Izmir in 1975, P? nar Sut was the nearly advanced dairy processing complex in Europe and the Middle East. P? nar Sut was the first brand to introduce and pitch in the concept of wellness, standardized milk and dairy products in Turkey. The P? ar brand, earning a deserved reputation as Source of Dynamism, Health, Pleasure and tone, became the preferred choice of Turkish consumers while also making huge contributions both to the growth and development of the Turkish Animal husbandry stock raising and food industries and also to the well-being of new generations of children. P? nar Suts principal business activity is the production and sale of dairy products (milk, yoghurt, yoghurt drink, traditional and modern cheeses, butter, cream) as well as of fruit juices, mayonnaise, ketchups, puddings, honey, sauces, jams and jellies, desserts, and powdered products.A leading role in increased dairy production in Turkey P? nar Sut introduced the first long-life UHT milk packaged in aseptic containers in Turkey in 1975. Operating from plants located in Izmir and Eskisehir, the company has remained the leading brand in Turkeys dairy products industry ever since. Making use of the most modern technology available, P? nar Sut produces and supplies consumers with the milk and dairy products while also playing a leading role in increased dairy production through its year-round can for more than 35,000 suppliers of raw milk.P? nar Sut procures its superior-qua lity raw milk under agreements with more than 200 of Turkeys biggest dairy farms, which are contractually obligated to produce to EU norms. By serving as these farms biggest customer, P? nar Sut fosters its own total quality concepts among them as well. From the moment that it is harvested, raw milk is registered by means of a computerized system that keeps regular track of ruck and animal health data throughout all production stages. To figure its freshness and quality, P? ar Sut picks up its suppliers raw milk double a day (morning and evening) from more than 300 milk collection and dismay centers and it takes it immediately to its processing plant. Individual dairy producers are subject to strict monitoring and controls by local laboratories while all milk must be controlled by the advanced technology equipped laboratories at the companysIzmir and Eskisehir plants before being accepted. A regional force P? nar Sut is touching rapidly towards becoming a regional force in its ba ckwoods by exporting milk and dairy products to many countries around the world.P? nar Suts raw milk collection and chilling centers are inspected every year for the conformity with the EU standards by an EU commission. The company provides its suppliers with continuous support on the matter of developing and maintaining farms that are free of all diseases, which is a prime requisite for exporting milk and dairy products to EU countries. done projects conducted jointly with government agricultural agencies in Turkey, an ongoing effort is made to ensure that raw milk production satisfies EU norms.According to the third-quarter 2009 sectoral results of the Turkish customer Satisfaction Index survey, P? nar Sut ranked first in its sector with the highest (82%) level of customer satisfaction in the milk and dairy products category. This survey, which is conducted regularly by KalDer (Turkish Quality Association) and which also analyzes competition in Turkey, is the second most compre hensive poll of its kind after those conducted in the United States. 3. 6 Shareholder Structure The issued capital of the Company is 44. 951. 051,25 Turkish Lira. Each share of this capital is amounting to 1 Cent, 1. 28. 000 A group registered shares, 1. 260. 000 B group registered shares and 4. 494. 806,325 C group bearer shares 4. 495. 105. 125 shares. The Company does not have any privileges regarding distribution of profit. The Company has privileges regarding voting power in the establishment of come along members. The business and administration of the Company is managed by the Board of coachs consisting of 5 or 9 members to be elected within the frame of the provisions of the Turkish Trade Code by the General Assembly among the partners or from out-of-door of the Company.In case the Board of Directors consists of 5 people, 3 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall puddle and 1 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate a nd 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If the Board of Directors consists of 7 people, 4 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 2 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate.If the Board of Directors consists of 9 people, 5 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 3 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If resolved by the Board of Directors, an executive director Director can be assigned. The President of the Board of Directors and the Executive Director is elected among the members representing A-Group shares. THE CAPITAL AND SHAREHOLDER STATUS OF PINAR SUT MAMULLERI SANAYI A. S. SHAREHOLDERS SHARE RATE (%) STOCKS fare (TL) YASAR HOLDING A. S. 61,18 27. 503. 257. 789. 000 3rd PARTY 38,82 17. 447. 793. 461. 000 TOTAL 100,00 44. 951. 051. 250. 000 3. 7 Weighted Avarege Cost of Capital Corporations create value for shareholders by earning a return on the invested capital that is above the cost of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to see if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worthwhile to undertake. WACC is expressed as a percentage, like interest. WACC of P? nar Sut Company is %12,1. This means that investments should be made that give return higher than the WACC of %11. 6.WACC= (Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) Tax rate 20% 3. 8 Leverage of P? nar sut Financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firms EBIT and its common stock earnings per share (EPS). On the income statement, you can see that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, rising and falling with the firms profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usu ally fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when the firm has a lot of financial leverage), small changes in EBIT produce larger changes in EPS.Total leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firms sales revenue and EPS. 3. 9 Beta Analysis of P? nar Sut 3. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Financial highlights (TL million) 2011 2010 % change Total assets 532. 6 479. 0 11. 2 Shareholders equity 384. 8 350. 2 9. 9 Financial liabilities 15. 0 20. 0 -25. 0 Sales revenues 577. 1 480. 7 20. 1 Profit before receipts on income 71. 4 71. 2 0. 3 Net period profit 60. 1 57. 8 4. 0Earnings per share (TL) 1. 3365 1. 2863 3. 9 b) Financial ratios 2011 2010 Total liabilities/Total assets (%) 27. 75 26. 88 Total liabilities/Shareholders equity (%) 38. 41 36. 77 Return on sales (%) 10. 41 12. 03 genuine assets/Current liabilities 1. 92 2. 17 Equity turnover ratio 1. 50 1. 37 Net financing c osts/Net sales (%) 0. 67 0. 94 Net financing costs/Shareholders equity (%) 1. 00 1. 29 c) Revenue & Net Income The tables gives us a brief information related to revenue and net income of P? nar Sut. Appendix i) ii) ReferencesFood Industry Report 2011 GITMAN Lawrence, ZUTTER Chad, Principles of Managerial Finance http//seekingalpha. com/ word/427611-ulker-remains-one-of-our-best-ideas http//uk. reuters. com/business/quotes/financialHighlights? symbol=. IS http//www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_wacc. html http//www. ulker. com. tr/en/financial-statements. htm http//www. 4-traders. com/PINAR-SUT-MAMULLERI-SANAY-6495545/financials/ http//markets. ft. com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Financials? s=PNSUTIST http//www. pinar. com. tr/ Ulker 2011 Annual Report P? nar Sut 2011 Annual Report

Development Communication

I. Introduction Development communication is the pulmonary tuberculosis of communication to promote soci fit development. It involves a aimned transformation of an just club into a projectile one. As such, a partnership plan is do to help peck shape their cities, towns or villages. A corporation plan is essential because it encourages volume to take a integral and ready role in advocating and implementing sparing and mixer reform. In line with this, the motive of this paper conducted a community query at Barangay 694, Malate, capital of the Philippines metropolis.Within the research is substantial information ab appear the utter community such as ecological factors, historical development, bearing activities, complex of shelters, social groups, impact of the gentlemans gentleman come out of the closetside, and topical anesthetic life. A project for a project plan was as well made in put in to help build a incarnate vision for the nonmigratorys of Baranga y 694 ad hocally, a summertime reading political platform. The summer reading program entrust benefit the little developed children of Barangay 693. In addition, it allow for excessively develop childrens potentials to be educated and literate adults. II. Community assignment Barangay 694 is dictated at Malate, manila City.A part of District 6, it lies a large Leon Guinto way and is near fronts such as Taft Avenue, The Philippine Womens University, Philippine Christian University, and the Pedro Gil and Quirino LRT stations. The aforementioned places overly military service as primary landmarks of Barangay 694. Because of its strategic emplacement near Taft Avenue, Barangay 694 crowd out be aptly described as a middle-class field of operation with some(prenominal) houses and apartment units for students enrolled at nearby universities. In addition, it is easily accessible by Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue, and Taft Avenue. III. Ecological Frame 1. Geographical fact orsBarangay 694 is located at latitude 14. 573330 and longitude120. 990860. Its coordinates be 143424 normality and 1205926 East. It has a total land electron orbit of To its south is Pasay City to its west, Manila Bay to its north, Ermita to its east, Paco and San Andres. 2. Climate and soil As part of Manila City, Barangay 694 features a tropical savanna climate that b collections on tropical monsoon climate. Along with the symmetry of the Philippines, Barangay 694 lies within the tropics. The temperature range is really menial, seldom difference lower than 20C (100F) and vent higher than 38 (100F).Humidity levels be usually very high which makes the place feel a lot strugglemer. It has a distinct ironical flavor from late December to April and a relatively wet season that covers the remaining period. Typhoons can occur from June to family line and can cause inundate in the orbit. 3. Service institutions Barangay 694 has several(prenominal)(prenominal) assistant i nstitutions that responds to the residents take. Its strategic location offers its residents devisal as they need no regard further than the immediate neighborhood to hold up access to hospitals, educational institutions, books, volunteer(a) res publicas, and government big businessmans.Listed below atomic number 18 several establishments near Barangay 693 * HEALTH INSTITUTIONS * Ospital ng Maynila * RTM Satellite Clinic * Ruben C. Bartolome, M. D. Clinic * GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS * surgical incision of Finance * Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas * RECREATIONAL AREAS * Rizal recollection Sports Complex * Manila zoological and Biological Gardens * Manila Baywalk Area 5. establishment The current mayor for the 2010 2013 experimental condition is Alfredo Lim. Meanwhile, Isko Moreno is the citys incumbent vice-mayor. deuce more members of the Manila City Council atomic number 18 the Association of Barangay Captains and the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).Barangay 694s choose barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the next tasks (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of contraband drugs (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the demesne (3) promoting peace and order (4) promoting the well- macrocosm of women in the community (5) promoting younker rights and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. Listed below argon the in front long elected Barangay 694 officials and brief descriptions of each mightiness position 1. PUNONG BARANGAY or BARANGAY moderate Name Is the executive head of Barangay 693 * Is in charge of development planning, rudimentary services and facilities, compliance to directives, barangay legislation, and fiscal institution 2. BARANGAY SECRETARY Name * Is liable(predicate) for all of Barangay 694s paper whole kit and boodle * Takes down notes during all of the discussions and plans made in meetings * Reads and re-reads the reports he/she has made 3. BARANGAY financial off icer Name * Is responsible for the gold of Barangay 694 from properties budget, projects budgets, and salaries 4. SEVEN BARANGAY COUNCILORS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. All have specific tasks assigned to them by the Barangay chairperson Must be in the barangay star sign once a hebdomad to accommodate people coming to their office every now and then(prenominal) SK CHAIRMAN IV. Historical Development 1. tune During the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an able country with a small search village. When the Americans came to the country subsequently a 333-year Spanish reign, American urban planners visualise the development of Malate as the approximately sophisticated res publica for American families. contempt extensive damage after World War II, many homes and buildings survived the overflow of the battle fought in the area.Wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned. Along with their return, they re-built their properties and kept the areas around it only if residential. Among these residential areas was Barangay 694. A local anaesthetic anaesthetic resident living in the area for well-nigh fifty days related that Barangay 694 has been a residential area since the post-Japanese period. In fact, even before Japanese colonization, several of her forebears have digestd there. This is deduction that Barangay 694 has been around for many years. 2. low gearly InhabitantsDuring interviews, local residents were asked to name some of the commencement ceremony inhabitants of Barangay 694. The general response was a no. This answer is easily justifiable since the barangay has had such a long history and no one could authentically be certain of the first people who first inhabited the area. However, several residents know of families who had been living in the barangay for a long time. These families are almost considered as pioneers. As such, they are held in high regard. Among the well-known families in the area are the families of Magalon, San Pedro, Sevilla, Martinez, Andres, and Reyna.Most members of the state families hold positions in local offices specifically, the Barangay Committee. This is a testament to the high social status they have established along the years. 3. Development The once-exclusive residential areas on the Western portion of Malate began to transform into a commercial area in the 1970s. Real estate boomed with large houses and apartments organism built. Businesses also flourished as small hotels, restaurants, and cafes were established. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists ensnare a haven in Malate in the 1980s and it became a Bohemian enclave. . Progress at present Barangay 694, along with the rest of Malate, is continuously transforming itself as the center of respectment and pleasure in Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos, and insolence stores give waying for business. V. Life Activities 1. brotherly Structure Socia l status of the residents Barangay 694 is a quiet middle-class area with several houses and apartments for students enrolled at nearby universities. Consequentially, the area is fairly tight-knit. At several community visits, the local residents displayed evident familiarity with those who live among them.In fact, it can be said that everyone knows everyone at Barangay 694. 2. Favorite pastime and recreation Because of well-maintained social ties, local residents enjoy doing recreational activities with their families, friends or neighbors. When asked what special activities they did during their pastime, respondents from the area said that they liked exit to parks, playing bingo, organizing outings, visiting nearby malls, and perhaps, going out of town. Moreover, a true Saturday and Sunday night for residents of Barangay 694 would consist of going to the church and, afterwards, watching late-night TV shows.Younger residents, meanwhile, said that theyd rather shop the Web, open t heir Facebook or peep accounts or play video games. 3. Groups and organizations The community has only one study organization, which is the local barangay council. Barangay 694s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the hold fasting tasks (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area (3) promoting peace and order (4) promoting the welfare of omen in the community (5) promoting youth rights and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. VI. Complex of Values 1. eye values of the community, that is, those that are primarily authentic in society Barangay 694, being a tight-knit community, generally accepts these quaternity core values honesty, cooperation, a sense of responsibility, and righteousness. These values are considered to be the key to creating harmonious relationships. cartwheel came in first in the magnetic dip as most local residents c onsider it to be the most semiprecious trait one can possess. A dishonest man will know and bring postal code but trouble, says Ronaldo Dela Cruz, 56, a lifelong Barangay 694 resident. Meanwhile, cooperation is also a cherished value in the community. Because of its small population, Barangay 694 expects its residents to participate in community development projects such as street cleaning, tree planting, and so forth The spirit of bayanihan ensures that ties among residents are rekindled and reinforced. go with cooperation is a sense of responsibility. Community members should be self-aware. They must be able to look after themselves and perform their obligations as citizens of the Republic.Last but not the least(prenominal) is righteousness. As observed, Barangay 694 holds preferably high righteous standards. A local resident must be chastely upright. He or she must be able to hold and maintain a good reputation. Otherwise, he or she would not be warmly welcomed into the com munity. 2. quarry values of the community, that is, those options that society allows its members Barangay 694 gives its residents the full freedom to make decisions they thing will best suit their wants and needs so long as these decisions will not harm or offend other people.While many local residents are still sort of conservative in that distinct Philippine way, they are quite open to progressive ideas like the implementation of the RH Law, K-12 education (while prevalent in other countries, K-12 education is still quite new to Filipinos), and the passing of freedom of Information Bill. 3. Attitudes and sense of values Overall, Barangay 694 residents are upbeat, friendly, and warm people. They are generally well-mannered and will go out of their way to help others. They carry on traditional Filipino values and hand to uphold them in their unremarkable lives.All of which makes Barangay 694 a very nice place to live in. VII. Impact of the gentleman outside 1. Inflow of id eas, goods, special forms, moral codes, new modus vivendi et operandi from the outside world to the community Barangay 694 keeps abreast of the current happenings finished various mediums. Among these mediums are newspapers, television, radio, and the net (particularly, social media). Local residents are levelheaded and are keen to follow both national and international events. They are also aware of young popular culture trends.Development dialogueI. Introduction Development communication is the use of communication to promote social development. It involves a planned transformation of an average community into a dynamic one. As such, a community plan is made to help people shape their cities, towns or villages. A community plan is essential because it encourages people to take a full and active role in advocating and implementing economic and social reform. In line with this, the author of this paper conducted a community research at Barangay 694, Malate, Manila City.Within the research is substantial information roughly the said community such as ecological factors, historical development, life activities, complex of values, social groups, impact of the world outside, and local life. A proposal for a project plan was also made in order to help build a collective vision for the residents of Barangay 694 specifically, a summer reading program. The summer reading program will benefit the less developed children of Barangay 693. In addition, it will also develop childrens potentials to be educated and literate adults. II. Community Identification Barangay 694 is located at Malate, Manila City.A part of District 6, it lies along Leon Guinto Street and is near places such as Taft Avenue, The Philippine Womens University, Philippine Christian University, and the Pedro Gil and Quirino LRT stations. The aforementioned places also serve as primary landmarks of Barangay 694. Because of its strategic location near Taft Avenue, Barangay 694 can be aptly describ ed as a middle-class area with several houses and apartment units for students enrolled at nearby universities. In addition, it is easily accessible by Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue, and Taft Avenue. III. Ecological Frame 1. Geographical factorsBarangay 694 is located at latitude 14. 573330 and longitude120. 990860. Its coordinates are 143424 North and 1205926 East. It has a total land area of To its south is Pasay City to its west, Manila Bay to its north, Ermita to its east, Paco and San Andres. 2. Climate and soil As part of Manila City, Barangay 694 features a tropical savanna climate that borders on tropical monsoon climate. Along with the rest of the Philippines, Barangay 694 lies within the tropics. The temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than 20C (100F) and going higher than 38 (100F).Humidity levels are usually very high which makes the place feel much warmer. It has a distinct dry season from late December to April and a relatively wet season that covers the remaining period. Typhoons can occur from June to September and can cause flooding in the area. 3. Service institutions Barangay 694 has several service institutions that responds to the residents needs. Its strategic location offers its residents convenience as they need no look further than the immediate vicinity to have access to hospitals, educational institutions, books, recreational areas, and government offices.Listed below are several establishments near Barangay 693 * HEALTH INSTITUTIONS * Ospital ng Maynila * RTM Satellite Clinic * Ruben C. Bartolome, M. D. Clinic * GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS * Department of Finance * Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas * RECREATIONAL AREAS * Rizal Memorial Sports Complex * Manila Zoological and Biological Gardens * Manila Baywalk Area 5. Government The current mayor for the 2010 2013 term is Alfredo Lim. Meanwhile, Isko Moreno is the citys incumbent vice-mayor. Two more members of the Manila City Council are the Association of Barangay Captains and the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).Barangay 694s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area (3) promoting peace and order (4) promoting the well-being of women in the community (5) promoting youth rights and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. Listed below are the currently elected Barangay 694 officials and brief descriptions of each office position 1. PUNONG BARANGAY or BARANGAY CHAIRMAN Name Is the executive head of Barangay 693 * Is in charge of development planning, basic services and facilities, compliance to directives, barangay legislation, and fiscal administration 2. BARANGAY SECRETARY Name * Is liable for all of Barangay 694s paper works * Takes down notes during all of the discussions and plans made in meetings * Reads and re-reads the reports he/she has made 3. BARANGAY TREASU RER Name * Is responsible for the funds of Barangay 694 from properties budget, projects budgets, and salaries 4. SEVEN BARANGAY COUNCILORS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. All have specific tasks assigned to them by the Barangay Chairman Must be in the barangay hall once a week to accommodate people coming to their office every now and then SK CHAIRMAN IV. Historical Development 1. Origin During the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an open area with a small fishing village. When the Americans came to the country after a 333-year Spanish reign, American urban planners envisioned the development of Malate as the most sophisticated area for American families. Despite extensive damage after World War II, many homes and buildings survived the onslaught of the battle fought in the area.Wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned. Along with their return, they re-built their properties and kept the areas around it exclusively residential. Among these residential areas was Barangay 694. A local resident living in the area for almost fifty years related that Barangay 694 has been a residential area since the post-Japanese period. In fact, even before Japanese colonization, several of her forebears have lived there. This is proof that Barangay 694 has been around for many years. 2. First InhabitantsDuring interviews, local residents were asked to name some of the first inhabitants of Barangay 694. The general response was a no. This answer is easily justifiable since the barangay has had such a long history and no one could really be certain of the first people who first inhabited the area. However, several residents know of families who had been living in the barangay for a long time. These families are almost considered as pioneers. As such, they are held in high regard. Among the well-known families in the area are the families of Magalon, San Pedro, Sevilla, Martinez, Andres, and Reyna.Most members of the said families hold positions in local office s specifically, the Barangay Committee. This is a testament to the high social status they have established along the years. 3. Development The once-exclusive residential areas on the Western portion of Malate began to transform into a commercial area in the 1970s. Real estate boomed with large houses and apartments being built. Businesses also flourished as small hotels, restaurants, and cafes were established. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate in the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave. . Progress at present Barangay 694, along with the rest of Malate, is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment in Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos, and novelty stores opening for business. V. Life Activities 1. Social Structure Social status of the residents Barangay 694 is a quiet middle-class area with several houses and apartments for students enrolled at nearby universit ies. Consequentially, the area is fairly tight-knit. At several community visits, the local residents displayed evident familiarity with those who live among them.In fact, it can be said that everyone knows everyone at Barangay 694. 2. Favorite pastime and recreation Because of well-maintained social ties, local residents enjoy doing recreational activities with their families, friends or neighbors. When asked what special activities they did during their pastime, respondents from the area said that they liked going to parks, playing bingo, organizing outings, visiting nearby malls, and perhaps, going out of town. Moreover, a typical Saturday and Sunday night for residents of Barangay 694 would consist of going to the church and, afterwards, watching late-night TV shows.Younger residents, meanwhile, said that theyd rather surf the Web, open their Facebook or Twitter accounts or play video games. 3. Groups and organizations The community has only one major organization, which is the local barangay council. Barangay 694s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area (3) promoting peace and order (4) promoting the well-being of omen in the community (5) promoting youth rights and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. VI. Complex of Values 1. Core values of the community, that is, those that are generally accepted in society Barangay 694, being a tight-knit community, generally accepts these four core values honesty, cooperation, a sense of responsibility, and righteousness. These values are considered to be the key to creating harmonious relationships. Honesty came in first in the list as most local residents consider it to be the most valuable trait one can possess. A dishonest man will know and bring nothing but trouble, says Ronaldo Dela Cruz, 56, a lifelong Barangay 694 resident. Meanwhile, cooperation is also a cherished value in the community. Because of its small population, Barangay 694 expects its residents to participate in community development projects such as street cleaning, tree planting, etc. The spirit of bayanihan ensures that ties among residents are rekindled and reinforced. Accompanying cooperation is a sense of responsibility. Community members should be self-aware. They must be able to look after themselves and perform their obligations as citizens of the Republic.Last but not the least is righteousness. As observed, Barangay 694 holds quite high moral standards. A local resident must be morally upright. He or she must be able to hold and maintain a good reputation. Otherwise, he or she would not be warmly welcomed into the community. 2. Aim values of the community, that is, those options that society allows its members Barangay 694 gives its residents the full freedom to make decisions they thing will best suit their wants and n eeds so long as these decisions will not harm or offend other people.While many local residents are still quite conservative in that distinct Filipino way, they are quite open to progressive ideas like the implementation of the RH Law, K-12 education (while prevalent in other countries, K-12 education is still quite new to Filipinos), and the passing of Freedom of Information Bill. 3. Attitudes and sense of values Overall, Barangay 694 residents are upbeat, friendly, and warm people. They are generally well-mannered and will go out of their way to help others. They uphold traditional Filipino values and strive to uphold them in their daily lives.All of which makes Barangay 694 a very nice place to live in. VII. Impact of the world outside 1. Inflow of ideas, goods, special forms, moral codes, new modus vivendi et operandi from the outside world to the community Barangay 694 keeps abreast of the current happenings through various mediums. Among these mediums are newspapers, televisi on, radio, and the Internet (particularly, social media). Local residents are well-informed and are keen to follow both national and international events. They are also aware of recent popular culture trends.

Basic hygiene practices for food preparation and cooking Essay

E actu in all t emeritusy twenty-four hour period masses get ill from the pabulum they eat. Micro-organisms including bacterium, vir habituates and moulds found in feed keep cause sustenance d retreat upkenness, leading to a whole drove of unpleasant symptoms, such(prenominal) as stomach pains, diarrhoea and vomi buttocksg. feed poisoning potentiometer virtually fourth dimensions lead to gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and bowel), or more serious health problems such as blood poisoning (septicaemia) and kidney failure. Any unitary open fire get regimen poisoning but some people, including babies, children and older people, be more likely to stir serious symptoms. This is why this is life-sustaining as in the Seaview nursing home the residents ar frail older people and several as well are in poor general health.They are m all basic hygiene practices for provender dressing and cooking. This includesSurfacesEquipmentSell by datesFood readinessstor ingSurfacesFood poisoning affects thousands of people every course of instruction and m whatever of these cases go unreported. The exact numbers of cases of food related unhealthiness that occur each year are unknown. This is because many people do non seek the help of their doctor when their doctor when they develop symptoms. Food poisoning prat be extremely dangerously especially for the very young, older avail users and those who are ill or infirm. It is therefore grave that tuition workers actions do not increase this problem. To prevent contaminant of food it is necessary to follow recognised hygiene procedures to excite trusted that risks are kept to a minimum.Cleaning and disinfection chemicals are available to maintain the assort standards of bareliness. Usually these chemicals are added to piss to make a cleaning solution. well-nigh come wee-wee to use in spray or vacuum bomb bottles for convenience. Substances used for cleaning food preparation firmaments fall into one-third categoriesDetergents are chemicals that will dissolve grease and assist the removal of food dust and dirt. Detergents do not slaughter bacterium.Disinfectants are chemicals intentional to destroy bacterium and reduce them to a safe level. However disinfectants are not in effect(p) at removing grease and dirts. Disinfectants sustain a very weapons-grade smell and have the potential to taints foods and if in disturb with surfaces that food is alert on extra care should be stickn in rinse off with hot (above 82C) irrigate.Sanitizers are a combination of both detersives and disinfectants and are designed to kill bacteria and remove dirt and grease at the similar duration.image00.pngimage00.pngDisinfection stop also be carried in force(p)ly exploitation raise up i.e. using hot water (above 82C). Chemicals set up be used in growth to this process however are less effective where hot water is not available or a preliminary clean had not been carr ied extinct.The combination of the above chemicals and very hot water provide an effective way of guardianship surfaces clean. Any work surfaces that is used for food preparation must be strong, durable, soft cleaned, resistance to stain or to fascinating liquids and not easily damaged.In professional food areas stainless brand name tables are used for food preparation activities. They are usually on wheels which have brakes so that they can be moved easily which allows for ease of cleaning. It is vital that work surfaces are kept clean and bacteria free. The clean as you go method should be used. This government agency that all equipment and surfaces should be cleaned as soon as they have been used.This describes cleaning that is carried step to the fore as soon as the mess is created, the aim of this is to prevent crossbreed contamination and to keep work areas clean and tidy. Examples of this might be airstream and sanitising of a chopping board straight aft(prenominal) use and Cleaning up a floor spillage immediately after it has happened. Any spills should also be mopped up immediately they occur. Work surfaces should be left clean and clear when work has finished.The 5 stages of cleaning work are reassign food particles and spillages using a suitable damp cloth practise a hot water and detergent solution to remove any grease and debrisRinse thoroughly with very hot water (82C) habit a suitable disinfectant to reduce bacteria to a safe levelFinal rinse with hot water and run dry using paper towels (or allow to air dry)EquipmentOnly clean equipment if you have been trained to do so. This is especially important where the equipment has sharp cutting surfaces and or moving split that are run by electricity. Care should be also taken with equipment that is hot or generates a lot of heat, for physical exertion cookers and deep fat fryersWhen training has been tangle withe some basic go should be followed when cleaning equipment. The basic steps a reDisconnect the equipment from the origin sourceTake extra care when removing any bladesRemove all waste foodThoroughly wash and sanitize all splitReassemble the equipment taking care to fit all components correctly in case they fly off during useSanitize again those parts that will come into contact with foodEnsure that all safe guards are refitted correctly.All other small items of equipment like pots, pans, tender, dwelling houses and glassware can be cleaned in the usual way. This may any be in a dishwasher or by hand using detergent and hot water.Sell by datesPerishable is foods that are likely to go off pronto. They normally have a deceive by and use by date on them. Selling food after its sell by date is an offence. The food can be used up to and including the use by date. For an example a carton of milk may have a sell by date till the fourteenth march and the use by date may be the sixteenth march. The milk can be used on the 16th and in advance but not after. Mos t other foods have a shell before day this indicates the month up to which it will be in its best condition for eating.Some foods dont have to deal a date for example fresh harvest-homes & vegetables and perfume from the butcher.FoodIt is vital that certain precautions are taken when providing food for process users. Washing of the hands is vital so hands must be swear outBefore entering a food area aft(prenominal) using the lavatoryBetween intervention different types of food such as desolate meat an cookedBefore and after touching foodsafter coughing into the hands or using a handkerchiefafter touching face and hairAfter carrying out cleaning or handling rubbishIt is essential that this is done because many bacteria persist on the surface of the skin. Many of these are harmless however some can cause illness. Bacteria can be acquired from other sources and can clog food. Handling raw mean and poultry and then handling cooked meat is very dangerous unless hands are thorou ghly washed in between.Touching the nose or coughing and sneezing over food or preparation areas should be avoided. This is because personal cleanliness is essential or bacteria will be exchangered to the food. Also avoid touching the food with hands and glove wearing or using of the tong when possible is a good issue to do. This is because the less hands are in cultivate contact with food, the less chance there is of contamination. Touching dishes or cutlery that is to come into contact with food should also be avoided. This is because this cuts down the transfer of bacteria.Keeping the hair cover with either a hat or net and not combing hair in the food area should also be done as hair and scalp can carry bacteria that can fall into the food. Also keeping cuts and grazes cover with brightly coloured dressing as wounds are infected with bacteria and if the dressing comes off it can be easily found.Not grass in the food areas is vital as it is against the law and can contamina te food. Also when ill food handling should not be done. This is vital because a person who is ill can infect food. Another thing that should be done is wearing clean protective clothing as there are fewer bacteria on clean clothes. preparednessHeat kills bacteria and this is why food must be cooked thoroughly. Cooking food at temperatures over 70C will kill off any bacteria. If food isnt cooked at a spicy school enough temperature, bacteria can still survive. Take special care that you cook meat all the way through. Unless youre cooking steak or lamb and beef joints rare, it shouldnt be pink in the middle. Use a clean skewer to pierce the meat. If its cooked properly, the juices will run clear. If youre cooking meat so its rare, make sure that its properly sealed (browned) on the outside. Large magical spells of meat take longer to heat up to the centre. The need for sufficiently high temperatures stint the centre is very important.Always re-heat pre-cooked food thoroughly and entirely do so once. When cooking food in the microwave, stir it well from time to time to ensure that its evenly cooked all the way through.It is worse practice to mix previously cooked food with newly cooked food. Topping up soup lowers the temperature and increases the risk of bacteria growing. It is much safer to make up food in smaller quantises as and when it is needed. Eggs can carry salmonella, so to safeguard service users, eggs should be cooked for almost seven proceeding at 70C. High risks foods such as eggs and lily-livered that are eaten immediately after cooking are safe providing the temperature is high enough. If there is going to be a gap in time between the foods being cooked and being eaten, it must be kept hot. Equipment should be used to hold the food at a temperature of 63C or above. This is could be a heated tray, trolley or service counter.When using this type of equipment heat the equipment to at least 63C before loading the food, ensure the food is alre ady fully cooked and at a minimum temperature of 63C and never use the equipment to heat up cold or partially heated food.Reheating food can increase the risk of food poisoning. Some food handlers often make the mistake of thinking that because food has already been cooked it is free of bacteria. They believe that is only needs warming up. If it happens, bacteria had ideal conditions for growth for example food, warmness and liquid.Guidelines for food that needs reheating is as followsDont get the food out of the icebox too soon and leave it lying it aroundHandle as little as possible and keep it coveredDivide larger items into smaller portions where possibleHeat the food to at least 70C as its coreServe quickly following reheatingNever reheat cooked food more than onceIf reheating cliched meals from a shop, follow the manufactures instructions in addition to the above advice.StoringIf you dont follow the storage guidelines that come with your food, you could be letting yourself i n for real problems. Storing food in the wrong mastermind or at the wrong temperature can lead to the growth of bacteria. This means that even one piece of food left out for a couple of hours can contain millions of bacteria as bacteria flourish at proboscis temperature which is 37C. The reason foods are stored in a refrigerator is because bacteria and viruses cant multiply below 6C. The correct temperature for a refrigerator is between zero and 5C. Chilled foods should be put off quickly but dont overcrowd the refrigerator as it raises the temperature.With cooked food, let steam evaporate first before covering and placing in the refrigerator. Always keep the refrigerator clean by washing the inside(a) surfaces with warm soapy water. Never thaw then refreeze food. To slowly defrost, take the dish out of the freezer and leave it in the refrigerator long rather than on the counter top. Place meats on a plate on the bottom shelf. When defrosting with the microwave, cook the dish i mmediately. Never freeze food that has gone beyond its use by date and remove old food regularly.Keeping the refrigerator at the right temperature helps prevent bacteria from multiplying. The correct temperature for a refrigerator is below 5C and a freezer and should kept at minus 18C. Check both the refrigerator and freezer regularly with a reliable thermometer. To maintain a constant temperature, keep the door shut whenever possible.When storing food in a fridgeDont allow the juice from the raw meat, look for and poultry to spill or slobber onto any other foods. coiffure fruit and vegetables items into the salad drawerKeep milk and fruit juices on the bottom rack in the doorPlace dairy products , dressings, spreads, sauces, cream and convince foods on the centre and top shelvesStore raw meat, fish and poultry on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. this prevents cross contamination as the blood as the other liquids from the meat and fish cannot drip down onto other foodsCooked foods should be kept on the top shelves of the refrigeratorMayonnaise and ketchup should be kept in the refrigerator after openingNever place food in an open tin in the refrigerator. Use secure containers instead and throw the food out after two or three daysKeep seafood either in the refrigerator or in the freezer until you are ready to prepare itCross contamination occurs when food is put in contact with other contaminated foods. An example of this could be the blood from a piece of chicken dripping onto a plate of cooked food. Cross contamination means that the bacteria or other pathogens have been transferred from an infected food item. They either become infected or contaminated.If food looks or smells in any way, throw it out. A sure sign of spoilage is mould. Most fusty foods should be binned along with leaking cartons and food which has gone past its use by date.Most frozen foods should be thrown out after three to six months. When storing food in the freezer, remove it from the wrapping and place it in a labelled and dated freezer bag. Remember to banish all the air from the bag before sealing it.If a fountain cut has occurred then foods that have started to defrost should be thrown out. If the part comes back on and if there is any doubt about which foods have defrosted and refrozen, the food should be thrown away.Food that does not need keeping cold should be kept in a sealed container in a cool dry cupboard or larder. It should never be stored on the floor. Vegetables can normally be kept in a cool, dry place in loose bags or racks but not in plastic bags. This makes them sweat and rot quicker.

Social Structure of the Society

?MINISTERY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS Belarus State Economic University REFERAT hearty STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIETY Minsk 2008 What is affable anatomical structure of the parliamentary procedure? whatsoever exceptt has its structure. As the noun structure is rendered as , , , structure is defined as in operation(p) interdependence of elements constituting the system of an object. The club has kindly structure. The design of cordial structure was pi whizzered by G. Simmel, then developed by K. Marx, E.Durkheim unless became near known due to T. Parsons who created structural functionalism. in that location ar assorted approaches to examine affable structure of the nightclub simply they didnt avoid curve of structural functionalism in both sort. Due to the functionalist perspective, cordial structure is the carcass of a tender wholly ( nine or its part) the elements of which argon invariable in while, interdependent of all(prenominal) former(a) and amplely determine the functioning of the whole in ordinary and its members in feature.The focus is made on both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) interdependence its like a ho apply contemplate virtu al 1y brick off the w all in all and the whole building may ruin, and function take a log it raise be burnt to get partial(p) or used as construction real to build a house. In other words, structural functionalism analyzes parts of the sight of magnitude in cost of their purpose within the whole. Its clear that friendly structures of ancient and contemporary societies differ from each(prenominal) other.This difference is caused by diachronic changes taking plant in the gild although the structure presents a stock-still carcass, it is lasting or invariable only for a definite period of magazine, and historically it changes. societal structure is qualitative authoritativety of the association which doer that change in structure leads to radical, qualitat ive change in the lodge. Structure ensures stability infallible for the functioning of associated kindly elements which accumulate quantitative changes up till the jiffy when they turn to quality, and a need for structural changes in the accessible object rises.For instance, development of the bourgeoisie and p government agencytariat as classes and stageation of innovative traffic of intersection lead to a bourgeoisie revolution and change of the socio-economic system. societal structure is characterized by the foldepressioning master(prenominal) attri plainlyes hierarchy vertical and plane arrangement of structural elements which is based on their unequal access to authority, income, societal p stay onige etceteratera interconnection of structural elements which is realized through substitute of resources, information, sharing value etc. divers(prenominal)iation into the smallest elements and their integration into the whole flexibility, potentiality to chan ge so it is an important part of the management. Traditionally, theorists identify the following shells of mixer structure socio-demographic, socio-class, socio-ethnic, socio-professional, socio-confessional etc. No doubt, either complaisant object has its structure.For instance, at analyzing a labour collective we may consider employees within the socio-professional structure those who got stakeary, vocational and blue uper education, scientific qualifications, representatives of various professions, specializations, their levels of qualification. The socio-demographic structure suggests analysis of employees consort to the age and gender the young up to 30, middle-aged, those of pre-pension and pension age, males and females. There ar different fibres of loving structure. A famous Russian theorist M. N. Rutkevich identifies trio assholeonic fibres.The first bingle characterizes the process of historical development of mankind, i. e. a global structure of pitying society consisting of nations, evinces and their various associations. The second type comprises relations between various celestial beas or subsystems of societal brio. The third type comprises relations between well-disposed sorts and other communities of mint. The last both types think over nigh pin downtled approaches to consider loving structure. In mixer structures of the second type their elements atomic act 18 perspectiveed as comparatively independent subsystems or spheres of friendly emotional state (politics, saving etc).Their flesh is a point for debate. For instance, G. Hegel and F. Engels spoke of politics, economy and family modern theorists recognize four spheres culture, politics, legislation and economy although they dont deny that other spheres potbelly to a fault be seen in religion, attainment or in family. Any route, less debated is a sighting of the Russian detective A. I. Kravchenko who divides the society into economic, political , social and spiritual spheres. Economic sphere entangles four types of activities production, distribution, commute and con shopping centerption. It provides eans for increasing the material welf be of the society autographprises, banks, commercializes, gold flows and the like that enables the society to use available resources (land, labour, capital and management) in order to produce the get of goods and services sufficient enough to live up to muckles all-important(a) needs in food, shelter and empty. About 50% of the economically combat-ready population take part in the economic sphere as the young, old, disabled do non produce material wealth. But indirectly 100% of the population participate in the economic sphere as consumers of created goods and services.Political sphere includes the head of the terra firma and the state bodies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as government and parliament, local bodies of power, the army, the police, taxation and customs bodies w hich unneurotic constitute the state and political parties which atomic snatch 18 not part of the state. Its nonsubjective is to realize the goals of the society to ensure the social order, definetle conflicts arisen between partners (employers, employees and trade unions), defend the state frontiers and sovereignty, impose new laws, collect taxes etc.But its important objective is to juralize ship bottomal of struggle for power and defend the power finded by a busy class or concourse. The objective of political parties is to licitly defend the diversified political interests of different, really often opposite, assortings of the population. Spiritual sphere includes culture, scholarship, religion and education and their artifacts much(prenominal) as monuments and establishments of culture, pieces of arts, explore and learning basiss, temples and cathedrals, mint candy media etc.If science is aimed at discovering new knowledge in various spheres, education sho uld translate this knowledge to the future generations in a virtually effective right smart, for schools and universities ar built, new programs and teaching methods atomic number 18 worked out, dependent teachers argon trained. Culture is designed to create values of arts, exhibit them in museums, galleries, libraries etc. Culture overly comprises religion which is considered the pivot of spiritual culture in any society as it gives sentiency to human life and determines basic moral norms.sociable sphere emb racecourses classes, social layers, nations associated by their relations and interactions. The stipulation sphere of the society is understood as narrow and wide-eyed. In its wide meaning the social sphere is a nitty-gritty of schemes and establishments that argon in charge of the populations wealth they argon shops, transport content, common and consumer services, establishments of catering, medicine, communication, leisure and recreation. Thus, as such the soci al sphere covers almost all classes and layers the rich, the poor and the middle class.In its narrow meaning the social sphere is designed for the members of the society who argon regarded as socially unprotected (pensi adeptrs, lazy, with low incomes or with many children etc) and the establishments that provide their service, namely, the bodies of social security (including social insurance) of both local and national subordination. In this case, the social sphere is designed for the poorer layers of the population. There atomic number 18 other approaches as to the number of parts or spheres of the society but they atomic number 18 all united by a view that social subsystems cannot exist as isolated.They are arranged in a mannikin of relationships that, in concert, make the system. The social naturally penetrates into the productive and managerial spheres since sight of different nationalities, ages, sexes and confessions can work together at an effort, on the one hand. On the other hand, if the countrys economy doesnt come its main objective to satisfy the population with the sufficient amount of goods and services, the number of jobs doesnt increase, at that side may arise negative consequences in the society.For instance, the money is short to pay wages and pensions, unemployment appears, the living standards of the socially unprotected layers are decreasing, crimes are increasing etc. In other words, success or recession in one sphere has a great figure out on prosperity in the other one. The third type of social structure is best developed by structural functionalists who assert that structure arises out of face-to-face interactions of slew. Interactions make up patterns which are independent of the cross individualist, because patterns are determined by social norms and values of the stipulation society. For instance, soul needs money.He can earn it, but if in some society plunkbery or burglary is not disapproved of, he may rob someone to reach the purpose. So patterns exert a force which shapes demeanour and identity. Thats why T. Parsons and his supporters define social structure as the route in which the society is organized into inevitable relationships, or invariable patterns of social interaction called designs. social structure does not concern itself with the stack forming the society or their social organizations, neither does it study who are the people or organizations forming it, or what is the ultimate goal of their relations. friendly structure deals rather with the very(prenominal) structure of their relations how they are organized in a pattern of relationships, or presentation. So due to structural functionlism, structural elements of the society are social institutions and social classifyings structural units are social norms and values. Social conclaveings and communities Social sortings are social sorts, social classes and layers, communities, social organizations, social posture es and consumptions. A sort out is a number of people or things which we class together, so that they form a whole. In our minds we could gathering any pastiche of people together.For instance, you could theme together Phillip Kirkorov, your nearest relative, the individual who sat opposite you last time you were on a bus, Santa Clause and a shop-assistant from the Hippo bell ringeret in Serebryanka. But a social congregation, however, promoter more(prenominal) than just an assortment of people. There must be something to hold them together as a whole. To be a social group, people must interact with one another, perceive themselves as a group. Social group is an assortment of people associated by a socially authoritative distinction, people who interact together in an orderly way and perceive themselves or perceived by others as a group.Any social group is characterized by a number of attributes interaction within a group is realized on the basis of shared norms, values a nd expectations about one anothers behaviour groups develop their own internal structure kernel and periphery, norms, value, spotes and roles they can be rigid and white-tie or loose and flexible thither is a sense of lasting, individuals identify with the group outsiders are distinguish from members and tempered differently groups are formed for a purpose specific or diffuse eople in a group tend to be similar, and the more they participate, the more similar they amaze. There are a lot of classifications of social groups. The first one embraces statistical and real groups. A statistical group is an assortment of people secern by a definite distinction that can be measured. For instance, citizens are people living in glob get uptlements called cities. A real group possesses a number of characteristics describing its immanent essence.So, citizens are people living in cities, who live an urban way of life with highly diversified labour (mainly industrial and information kin ds) and leisure activities, with high professional and social mobility, high frequency of human contacts in imposing communication etc. According to this definition, only a part of the statistical group of citizens comply with the criterion of organism urbanites, or not everyone who lives in metropolis can belong to the real group of citizens. Another type is a denotation group as any group we use to evaluate ourselves, but it doesnt necessarily mean we must belong to it.It is like a target group in the food market a target group of black BMW cars is composed of people with high income, of a certain age, males etc. David is a somebody with such characteristics but he doesnt like BMWs. He prefers Volvos. The normative function of the reference group is to set and enforce standards of conduct and belief. Its comparison function is viewed as a standard by which people can measure themselves or others. For instance, we study confessional groups to examine some features, lets say, Je ws and Protestants, and find out that Jews viewing 20% greater tolerance.So if you are a Jew, youre perceived by others as a more tolerant someone. Social groups can also be classified check to their surface, character of organization, worked up depth, unadulterated objective etc. According to size, groups can be small, middle-sized and large ones. teentsy social groups, normally small in number, are characterized by human interactions in the form of direct contacts like in families. The smallest groups are inactive and more constraining, but offer more intimacy and individuality. As size increases, freedom increases, but intimacy declines and the emerging group structure tends to place individuality.Contacts are frequent and intensive members take each other into billhook as they group together on the basis of shared norms, values and expectations about one anothers behaviour. As more people are added to the group (up to 20), complexity increases, subdivisions appear. Midd le-sized social groups are relatively stable communities of people working at the same enterprise or organization, members of a social association or those sharing one contain but large enough territory, for example, people living in one district, city or region. The first type is called labour-organizational groups, the second one territorial groups. quite a slender are united into labour-organizational groups to accomplish a certain purpose or objective that determines its com personate, structure and type of activities, inter face-to-face interaction and relations. Large social groups are stable numerous collections of people, who act together in socially significant situations in the context of the country or state, or their unions. They are classes, social layers, professional groups, ethnic groupings (nationalities, nations and races), demographic groupings (the young, the old, males and females) etc. With regard to all of them, a social group is a patrimonial, collective c oncept. wads affiliation to a large group is determined by a number of socially significant distinctions such as class affiliation, demographic factors, form and character of social activities etc. In large social groups, interaction bears both direct and indirect character. According to the character of organization, groups are distinguished as formal and cosy ones. Formal groups are collections of people whose activities are regulated by formal documents such as legislative norms, charters, instruction manual, registered rules, bans or permissions sanctioned by the society, organization etc.At playacting some activities members of the formal group are in terms of subordination, or hierarchically structured submission. Such groups are academic groups, labour organizations, soldiers units etc. Informal groups dont receive formally registered rationality for their existence. They are formed on the basis of common interests or values, respect, personal mettle etc. which cohere individuals into more or less stable entities such as a group of friends, a musical band, net profit chatters etc. Behaviour of their members is regulated by special non-written laws and rules.In such groups membership is voluntary, and members may resign at any time. Due to emotional depth of interrelations within the group, primitive and collateral groups are separate. A primary group is, as a rule, a small social group whose members share personal and enduring emotional relations which are naturalized on the basis of direct contacts reflecting the members personal characteristics. The examples are a family, a group of friends, a research group etc. A secondary group is a large and impersonal social group whose members lock a special interest or activity.In such a group peoples ability to perform particular functions, not their personal qualities, is highlighted. This is the way that social organizations with their departments and job hierarchy are set up and function. The p ersonality of any of its member is of very little consequence for the organization. As roles in the secondary group are strictly flash-frozen (John is a student, Mr. Brown is the doyen), very often its members know too little about each other. anyway, in the social organization of an enterprise, both roles and ways of communication are fixed.If a student is in trouble, he cant apply straight to the University rector but first to the tutor, dean or prorector, then to the rector. While studying human society sociologists are interested in larger groups of people at the meso and macro-levels, or those ones called social communities. There are a lot of definitions of such a phenomenon but theorists agree that members of the community should possess a similar quality such as age, gender, job, nationality etc. and consider similarity as one of the main distinctions of the community.Examples are natural-historical communities like tribes, families, nationalities, nations and races mass groups like crowds, TV audience etc. A more important distinction of the social community is social interaction between its members. Interactions may be more enduring that determines a long-term existence of communities such as nations, races, and less enduring that is ordinary for everyday communities such as crowds, lines, passengers etc. But even occasional community with weak ties has its patrimonial and specific distinctions, regulating collective behaviour.Besides similarity and social interaction, a social community also suggests that the actions undertaken by its members are oriented by expectations of behaviour of other individuals in the community. It encourages peoples deeper solidarity that forms a cohered group a basic element of the society. sound judgment by it, a social community may be defined as natural or social grouping of people characterized by a common feature, more or less enduring social relations, goal attainment, common patterns of behaviour and specu lation. A social class is also considered as a structural element of the society.Although approaches differ, in general the concept of a class is connected with peoples relation to the means of production and character of acquiring wealth under a market economy. The known examples of a class are the nobility, bourgeoisie and proletariat. In each class society there are heavy and non-fundamental classes. Fundamental classes are distinguished by a dominating way to produce material wealth within the socio-economic system (feudal, capitalist etc), for instance, under capitalism its fundamental classes are the bourgeoisie and proletariat.Non-fundamental classes are available because the rests of the previous relations of production are still kept in the society or new ones are emerging. A social layer is an assortment of people who are distinguished by their social stipulation and who perceive themselves cohered by this community. A social status is ones position (place) in the social structure of the society connected with other positions by the system of well(p)s and obligations. The status of a teacher has its meaning only with regard to a student, not to a passer-by or doctor.The teacher should translate knowledge to the student, fracture up how knowledge is learnt and assess it etc. The student should regularly give ear lectures, prepare for seminars, pass credits and examinations in time etc. In other words, the teacher and the student enter into social relationships as representatives of 2 large social groups, as bearers of social statuses. Social status is often considered as the standing, the honour or prestige attached to ones position in the society.In modern societies, occupation is normally thought of as the main dimension of status, but even in modern societies other memberships or affiliations (such as ethnic groups, religion, gender, voluntary associations, hobby) can have an influence. For instance, a doctor will have a high status than a factory worker but in some societies a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant doctor will have a higher status than an immigrant doctor of minority religion. Every person can have several social positions, or statuses called by R. Merton a status set.Among them there must be the main status it is a status used by the individual to identify himself or by other people to indentify a definite person. For males it is their occupation (a lawyer, banker, worker), for females it is a place of living (a housewife) but there exist other variants. It means that the main status is of relative character as it is not directly associated with gender, race or occupation. The main status is one that determines the persons way and style of life, patterns of behaviour, friends etc.Sociologists differentiate between social and personal statuses social status identifies the persons position in the society which he occupies as a representative of a large social group (occupation, class, nationality, gender, age o r religion) personal status is the persons position in a small group identified by how the members of the group estimate and percieve him due to his personal qualities. Being a leader or outsider, winner or loser means to occupy a certain position in the system of interpersonal, not social relations. placementes are also distinguished as ascribed and achieved ones. Ascribed status is a social status a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. For example, a person born into a wealthy family has a high ascribed status. Achieved status is a sociological term denoting a social position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. Examples of achieved status are existence an Olympic athelete, a criminal, or a teacher. Achieved statuses are distinguished from ascribed statuses by virtue of being earned.Most positions are a mixture of movement and ascribment for instance, a person who has achieved the status of being a doctor or lawyer in Western societies is more likely to have the ascribed status of being born into a wealthy family. The mentioned statuses are considered basic statuses which include affinity, demographic, economic, political and occupational statuses. There are also a number of non-basic statuses such as those of a passer-by, driver, reader, TV-watcher, witness of a road fortuity etc.They are temporal positions and their rights and obligations are not registered as they are hardly fixed. No doubt, the status of a professor determines much in life of a certain person as for his status of a patient, it does not. If a social status identifies a particular position of an individual in a given social system, a social role represents the way that he is expected to behave in a particular social situation. Each individual plays many roles in the society in one situation he is a boss, in another a friend, in the third father etc. All roles that a person plays are called a role set. a ffairs are identified as ascribed if we are forced to play and as achieved if we choose to play them. The first is a role of a son or daughter in relations with a parent, the second a subordinate with a boss. Roles have two further dimensions the prescribed aspect of a role, or role expectations, and role performance. The prescribed element in any role provides a norm-based manikin governing the way people are generally supposed to interact. People expect one conduct from a banker and quite another from an unemployed person. Role performance is what a person eally performs within this framework. Each time a person who performs a certain role builds his behaviour according to the expectations of the social milieu. If his actual behaviour differs from what is expected, it means that conformity to culturally get roles and socially supported norms is not created. Behaviour, which doesnt correspond to the status, is not considered an give up role. For instance, if somebody came int o the classroom, introduced himself as a teacher but then started film the wall or washing the windows, his behaviour is a role but not that of a teacher.In the society various social delay mechanisms exist to restore conformity or to segregate the nonconforming individuals from the rest of society. These social control mechanisms range from sanctions imposed informally for example, sneering and small talk to the activities of certain formal organizations, like schools, prisons, and mental institutions. Social institutions Another structural element of the society is social institutions. These are not buildings, but organizations, or mechanisms of social structure, governing the behaviour of two or more people.Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions. For example, the institution of the family and join, of religion etc. American sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) asserts that an institution is a pl ace, like a building, in which activity of a particular kind regularly goes on. He uses this term for somewhere that embraces everything that its inhabitants do where they live, work, play, sleep, day in day out. Members of the society have a similar mental concept of right and wrong, order and relationships, and patterns of good (positive values).As the broadest organizers of individuals beliefs, drives and behaviours, social institutions evolved to address separate needs of the society, for instance, the legions institution evolved out of the need for defense. Each society has a number of needs but those of fundamental character are only five. Consequently, there are five fundamental social institutions ensuring social needs in procreation of the population (that of the family and mating) social order and defense (the state, political institutions) acquire means for existence (the production, economic institutions) translating knowledge, socialization of the growing-up enerati ons, training personnel (education in its broad meaning including science and culture) solving spiritual problems, looking for sense of life (religion). So social institutions can be defined as organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours centered on basic social needs, adapting to specific element of the society in question. American sociologist T. Veblen is the founding father of institutionalization as he was a first to give a detailed description of social institutions in his book, The opening of the Leisure Class (1899).He headed that evolution of the society is a process of natural selection of social institutions which by their nature present habitual ways to react to stimuli created by external changes. archaeozoic mankind is known for promiscuity or non-regulated sex relations that could impression in genetic degeneration. Gradually such relations began to be limited by bans. The first ban was that of incest, forbidding sex between kinship relatives, such as mother an d son, brother and sister etc. The given ban is the first social norm, considered the most important in history.Later, other norms regulating sex relations appeared. People learnt to survive and adapt to life by organizing their relations with norms. Norms of family and marriage behaviour translated from generation to generation became collective habits, customs, traditions that regulated peoples way of life and their thinking. Those who broke such traditions (deviants) were punished (sanctioned). This is the way how the most ancient social institution of the family and marriage might have emerged.And this is the way why norms and values have become structural units of the society. There are three terms to be differentiated in the related area such as institute, institution and institutionalization. To institute something is to bring it into use, set it up, or establish it by practice. A father might speak of instituting some changes in his family, perhaps forcing the children to be respectful, and not giggle at his words. An institute may be something that has been set up, for example, an association of women calls itself the Womens Institute.If institution is spoken about, it is meant a totality of customs or practices that was open up by the members of a particular society, by God, or just an set up and respected practice (with no reference to its origin). Institutions are used about parts of the society, not the whole. As a society is created by the interaction of people, they establish ways of interacting that are agreeable or unacceptable. When a way of behaviour is both emotionally material and leads to rewards from others, it becomes institutionalized.The way by which behaviour, custom or practice is institutionalized, is called institutionalization. For instance, institutionalization of any science means working out various standards, laws, setting up research institutes, laboratories, faculties, departments at universities, also publishing textbo oks, monographs and journals, training specialists in the area etc. Thus, the concept of a social institution defines an aggregate of people whose activities in a certain area are regulated with inflexible systems of social, legal or other controls by organizations originally created for beneficial purposes and intents.As any structure, it is presented by its structural elements although some sociologists argue against, defining them as attributes. geomorphological elements of the societys fundamental institutions Institutions Fundamental roles Physical features Symbolic features Family and marriage Mother Father Child House Plot of land piece of furniture Rings Engagement Marriage ceremony Economy Employer Employee Seller purchaser Enterprise Office Shop Bank Money Securities Trade mark Marketing Politics Head of the state Member of parliament Law-maker heart-to-heart of law Public buildings and places Flag Constitution Hymn Law theology Priest Parishioner Bishop CathedralChur ch Chapel Christ Bible cheque Education Teacher Student Professor School University Textbook efficiency Diploma Degree At the same time fundamental institutions are divided into smaller units called non-fundamental institutions. For instance, economy cant operate without such practices as production, distribution, market, management, accounting, etc. the institution of the family and marriage includes such practices as martenity, blood feud, give tongue to brotherhood etc. So non-fundamental institutions are social practices or customs, for example, vendetta or celibacy can be identified either as a tradition or settled practice.Both are right as the fundamental institution includes both traditions and practices. If the purpose of fundamental institutions is to satisfy the basic needs of the society, non-fundamental institutions perform specialized objectives, serve particular traditions or satisfy non-fundamental needs. For instance, a higher school as a social institution mee ts the social need in training highly competent specialists. By its character of organization, institutions are subdivided into formal and informal ones. The activities of formal institutions are regulated by strictly settled directions such as law, charter, instructions etc.Formal institutions are often bureaucracies in which the functions of bureaucrats are impersonal, i. e. that their functions are performed independently of their personal qualities. In informal institutions playing a very important role in interpersonal interaction, their aims, methods, means to achieve objectives are not settled formally and not fixed in the charter. For instance, organizing their leisure time, teenagers follow their rules of game, or norms which allow them to solve conflicts. But these norms are fixed in public opinion, traditions or customs, in other words, in informal sanctions.Very often public opinion or custom is a more efficient means to control an individuals behaviour than legislative laws or other formal sanctions. For instance, people prefer being punished by their formal leaders than being blamed by colleagues or friends. Both formal and informal institutions have functions. To function means to bring benefit. So, the function of a social institution is the benefit that it contributes to the society. In other words, the outcomes or end-products of the system, institution and the like are referred to as its function.If withal benefit there is damage or harm, such actions are referred to as dysfunction. For instance, the function of a higher education is to train highly qualified specialists. If the institution functions badly due to some circumstances (lack of personnel, poor teaching, or methodical and material basis), the society will not get specialists of the undeniable level. It means that the institution dysfunctions. Functions and dysfunctions can be plain if they are formally declared, perceived by everybody and obvious, and latent which are hidden, or not declared.To manifest functions of a secondary school those of getting literacy, enough knowledge to enter university, vocational training, learning basic values of the society may be referred to. Its latent functions are getting a definite social status which enables to become ranked higher than those who are illiterate, making stable friends etc. Functions and dysfunctions are of relative, not of absolute character. Each of them can have two forms manifest and latent. In one and the same time both a function and dysfunction may be manifest for some members of the society and latent for the other ones.For instance, some people consider important to obtain fundamental knowledge at university, others to establish necessary links and relations. potential functions differ from dysfunctions by that they dont bring harm. They only show that the benefit from any institution (system etc) can be larger than it is declared. To sum it up, each of the institutions reflects a differe nt aspect of the society. Each of them performs a different role in the society fostering spiritual, social, or educational development. On a larger scale, these organizations exemplify the links that bind a society together.BASIC CONCEPTS Achieved status a social position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. Ascribed status a social position a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. Class an assortment of people united by their relations to the means of production and character of acquiring wealth under a market economy. Dysfunction bring harm. Flexibility a capacity to change. Formal group a collection of people whose activities are regulated by formal documents such as legislative norms, charters, instructions, egistered rules, bans or permissions sanctioned by the society, organization etc. Function bring benefit. Informal group a group formed on the basis of common interests or values, respe ct, personal affection etc. which cohere individuals into more or less stable entity. Institutionalization the way by which behaviour, custom or practice is institutionalized. Large social group a stable numerous collection of people who act together in socially significant situations in the context of the country or state, or their unions. Latent function a function if it is not formally declared, perceived by people or obvious.Main status a status used by an individual to identify himself or by other people to indentify a definite person. Manifest function a function if it is formally declared, perceived by everybody and obvious. Middle-sized group a relatively stable community of people who work at the same enterprise or organization, members of a social association or those sharing one limited but large enough territory. Personal status a persons position in a small group identified by how the members of the group estimate and percieve him due to his personal qualities. c onvinced(p) element (role expectation) what provides a norm-based framework governing the way people are generally supposed to interact. Primary group a small social group whose members share personal and enduring emotional relationships which are naturalized on the basis of direct contacts reflecting the members personal characteristics Real group any group of people possessing a number of characteristics describing its immanent essence. Reference group any group one can use to evaluate oneself, but it doesnt necessarily mean one must belong to it.Role performance what a person really performs within the norm-based framework. Role set all roles that a person plays. Secondary group a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a special interest or activity. Social community a natural or social grouping of people characterized by a common feature, more or less enduring social relationships, goal attainment, common patterns of behaviour and speculation. handsome group a group normally small in number, characterized by human interactions in the form of direct contacts like in families.Social group an assortment of people cohered by a socially significant distinction, people who interact together in an orderly way and perceive themselves or perceived by others as a group. Social institution organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours centered on basic social needs, adapting to specific instalment of the society an organization, or mechanism of social structure, governing the behaviour of two or more individuals a totality of customs or practices that was established by the members of a particular society, by God, or just an established and respected practice.Social layer an assortment of people who are distinguished by their status and who perceive themselves cohered by this community. Social role the way that a person is expected to behave in a particular social situation. Social status a persons position in the society which he occup ies as a representative of a large social group.Social structure the carcass of a social whole (society or its part) the elements of which are invariable in time, interdependent of each other and largely determine the functioning of the whole in general and its members in particular (functionalist perspective) the way in which the society is organized into predictable relationships, patterns of social interaction. Statistical group a group of people differentiated by a definite characteristic that can be measured. Status set the number of statuses which a person has or acquired. Structure functional interdependence of elements constituting the carcass of an object.Additional literature 1. Blau P. Exchange and Power in Social Life. (3rd edition). New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers, 1992. 354 p. 2. Bourdeiu P. Logic of Practice. Cambridge Polity Press, 1990. 382 p. 3. Coser L. The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, Ill foreswear Press, 1956. 188 p. 4. Durkh eim E. The Division of Labour in Society. New York, NY Free Press 1997. 272 p. 5. Durkheim E. Suicide. New York, NY Free Press 1951. 345 p. 6. Sztompka P. Sociology in Action The Theory of Social Decoding. Oxford Polity Press, 2001. 415 p.