Arctic Seal

refuge were to be opened for development. It is also believed that early(a) species, such(prenominal) as polar bears, grizzly bears, wolves, and migratory birds may be at a risk as well. Extraction of petroleum and catalyst from subsurface deposits involves deliberate alterations of the surface and subsurface forcible environments, which in turn affect organisms living on the refuge. The grotesque ecosystems within the refuge argon fragile due to the climate; the harsh winters, lack of nutrients, the permafrost layer and short warm seasons are what makes the environment extremely sensitive. The plant and animal life is adjourn of an ecosystem that has a simplified provender chain, as well as running at slower rates of photosynthesis and decomposition. Any alteration or change will easily disrupt the ecosystem and in turn will harm the plant and animal life. Furthermore, studies make in the North Slope show that oil fruit in the North Slope has already damaged the frigid ecosystems there through the addition of gravel fill, disruption of tundra surfaces, creation of impoundments, introduction of elevated structures, and increases in human activity (Truett and Johnson, 2000:9-10).

They give tongue to that oil contamination destroys the vegetation structure and aboveground degree Celsius and nutrient pools in watersheds, disrupts the energy balances and hydrological process in dick watersheds, and undermines the nutrient availability and uptake the tundra plants (Reynolds and Tehnumem, 1996). The wildlife (on land and in water) stool be bear on directly by oil and gas activities or indirectly via alterations in habitat or food supplies (Cumulative Environmental Effect of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaskas North Slope; pg. 98). Aquatic animals can be affected by the noise produced from seismic exploration, potential oil spills, and other contaminants. On land, wildlife can also be affected by seismic exploration, industrial activities, transportation traffic, and disturbances of dens. Both aquatic and land... If you expect to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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