Proper Mathematical Drill Approach

The first is to promote archetype development in maths and the second is to provide critical, possible information for teachers. To date thither have been a panoptic variety of studies examining for the effectiveness of math manipulatives.

Unfortunately, the substantial portion of this interrogation has been directed toward the dim-witted learners rather than toward middle school learners (Ohanian, 1992). What this center is that there is not a good foundation for placing self-reliance in the fact that positive findings observed for elementary school students will generalize to middle school students.

Clearly, what is needed is an semiempirical playing field of the effectiveness of manipulatives on middle school students. The proposed look into constitutes such a study. Specifically, the enquiry problem proposed for investigation is that of find the effectiveness of selected manipulatives of the basic performance of below average one-eighth path students. The general draw a bead on, therefore, is to determine whether manipulatives will ehnance the learning of math for low achieving middle school students.

Given that the existing research on the effectiveness of manipulatives on underachieving eighth grade students is sparce, it seems comely to state that the existing body of research is not sufficiently comprehensive so as to offer a unswerving foundation for the formulation of a directional hypothesis. F

Manipulatives: As used in the study, this term refers to turn over on material used by students in an commence to clarify arithmetic concepts. In the study these will overwhelm cuisenaire rods, and uniflex cubes for fraction concepts and integer concepts.

Methods consisted of obtaining a sample of at-risk students from a city-owned caparison complex. Students were then divided into small groups according to age; they met twice-weekly to hear one hour of math instruction using both music or manipulatives.

(1) Overview of Grade 8 Mathematics (mission statement, purpose and philosophy, goals, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics, and uses of technology and manipulatives);

Smith, J.P. (1995).

The effects of a computer microworld on middle school students' use and brain of integers. (Doctoral Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(9-A), p. 3492. (Microfilm Order No. AADAA-I9544692)

1. Gender, race and socioeconomic status is associated with differences in the efficacy of manipulatives for math learning; moreover, there are indications that race may interact with instructional system in terms of the overall effectiveness of manipulatives---at least for elementary school students. Specifically, it could be that some manipulative programs are remediate suited to majority racial groups than to minority racial groups.

The proposed study will examine the effectiveness of manipulatives for increasing the basic mathematics skills of below average eighth grade students. To add linguistic context to the proposed research, this chapter of the proposal presents a review of existing work on manipulatives and mathematics learning.

Null Hypothesis. There will be no significant difference in achievement between below-average eigth grade students who are instructed with the manipulative apporoach to integer and fraction concepts and comparable students who instru
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