Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heigh

In Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights revenge is a common, reoccurring theme. According to Websters Dictionary, revenge is to inflict punishment in return for injury or insult. Within the novel, Wuthering Heights, revenge is an action taken by many people in order to redeem themselves. However, all of the characters curiosity up in misery because of their hearts desire to avenge. In many novels, revenge is an action typically taken by the of import villain upon the main hero. Revenge occurs often in both fiction and non-fiction books. Within Withering Heights, there are three examples of revenge that posses romantic tenets Heathcliffs revenge on Edgar and Catherine is the isolation tenet Catherines revenge on Heathcliff is the elevated emotional level tenet and Hindleys revenge on Heathcl...

Comparing Henry IV and King Lear :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Henry IV and poof Lear Shakespeares play, King Lear details the tragic consequences of the decisions of the fictitious character Lear, King of England. King Lear is a man of great power but he surrenders all of this power to his daughters as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him. Lears prime decision results in a string reaction of events that send him through a trip of hell. King Lear is a metaphorical description of one mans journey through hell in order to expiate his sin. As the play opens one can almost immediately see that Lear begins to make mistakes that will in conclusion result in his downfall. (Neher) This is the first and most significant of the many sins that he makes in this play. By abdicating his throne to fuel his ego he is disrupts the great chain of being which states that the King must not challenge the position that God has given him. This undermining of Gods authority results in chaos that tears apart Lears world. (Williams) Lea ving him, in the end, with nothing. Following this Lear begins to banish those around him that genuinely care for him as at this stage he cannot see beyond the mask that the evil wear. He banishes Kent, a loyal servant to Lear, and his youngest and previously most loved daughter Cordelia. (Nixon) This results in Lear surrounding himself with people who only wish to use him which leaves him very vulnerable attack. This is precisely what happens and it is through this that he discovers his wrongs and amends them. Following the committing of his sins, Lear becomes abandoned and estranged from his kingdom which causes him to loose sanity. While lost in his grief and self-pity the fool is introduced to guide Lear cover version to the sane world and to help find the lear that was ounce lost behind a hundred Knights but now is out in the open and shake up like a little child. (Bradley) The fact that Lear has now been pushed out from behind his Knights is dramatically represented by him actually being out on the lawns of his castle. The terrify little child that is now unsheltered is dramatically portrayed by Lears sudden insanity and his rage and anger is seen through the thunderous weather that is being experienced. either of this contributes to the suffering of Lear due to the gross sins that he has committed.

How to safely ride :: essays research papers

How To Safely Ride A Dirt Motorcycle 1Racing, hill climbing, jumping, and performing dangerous tricks on a diddly wheel sounds like fun, however it can get real dangerous.A. I will inform you how to be a safe dirt biker. B. I have cognise in this field from dealing with many aspects on this sport, negative and positive. I have realized that safety is the most central factor. C.When dirt bike riding, it is very important to be in touch with your personal gear, familiar with bike trails, and biking behaviors.2.Being correctly suited in your personal gear is the first important factor of dirt bike riding.A. The helmet and goggles cheer your eyes and head. Boots,shin guards, gloves, pants, jersey, knee pads, elbow pads, chest protector, and the kidney belt should all be put on to protect you from unexpected accidents. 3.When riding on a bike trail always beware of your surroundings.A. Certain trails are designated for certain off road vehicles. Always motivate on designated trail s, pay attention to all signs that tell whether a trail is open or closed to OHV use. B. Signs indicating trail ratings and one-way trails are posted at each trailhead. C. Always ride within your skill level. From easiest to most difficult, a green circle, blue square, and black diamond are signals representing the difficulty of a trail. These signals evoke the expertise needed to ride that trail under normal condition. Use these signs as a reminder of which trails are suitable for you. 4.Always use not bad(predicate) judgment when involved with dirt biking activities.A. Know your vehicle, read the owners manual, and use common sense. B.Dont ride alone, ride with experienced riders. If for some reason you are think to ride alone, always tell a responsible person where you are traveling and when you will return. 5.Being ready, and equipped for an emergency is a must when dirt biking because you will never know when you will be stranded or in a life or death situation.A.. Most i mportantly, make positive(predicate) to carry drinking water, a first-aid kit, map and compass, warm clothes, water-proof matches, emergency lights, and repair tools.

Historical Methodology Essays -- Racism Literature Books Papers

Historical MethodologyThe Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many an(prenominal) today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between grey and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American nightspot from discrimination to Civil Rights. Woodwards argument is very persuasive because he uses specific evidence to support his opinions and to connect his ideas. Considering the time period in which the platter and its editions were written, it should be praised for its insig ht into and analysis of the most important social issue in American history.From the beginning of the book, Woodward argues that prior to Jim Crow, segregation in the Southern states was not as strong as many assume. To support this claim he cites Slavery in the Cities, where author Richard C. Wade provides evidence for segregation while at the same time states that, In every city in Dixieblacks and whites lived side by side, sharing the same premises if not equal facilities and life-time constantly in each others presence.1 In the rural areas during slavery, African Americans and whites also had a large amount of social interaction, because, as Woodward explains, view as was best maintained by a large degree of physical contact and association.2 ... ...better in the 1950s. 22 Given the historical context in which the book was written, its prevalent reception, its persuasiveness, and the realities of the history of race relations which it exposes, the books significance cann ot be denied. 1 C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. (Oxford University Press New York, 1955), 14. 2 Woodward, 22.3 Woodward, 19.4 Woodward, 21. 5 Woodward, 37.6 Woodward, 53-54.7 Woodward, 54.8 Woodward, 65.9 Woodward, 69. 10 Woodward, 71.11 Woodward, 72-73.12 Woodward, 130-132.13 Woodward, 81.14 Woodward, 98.15 Woodward, 115.16 Woodward, 118.17 Woodward, 119.18 Woodward, 128.19 Woodward, 174.20 William S. McFeely, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, Afterword, 22421 McFeely, 227.22 McFeely, 224.

Vocational and Technical Teachers in Malaysia Essay -- Education, Co

An issue arises whether the teachers in this country are ready to face and handle the challenges callable to the birth of technology especially ICT in and out of school and due to the fact that the latest technology has acquired unique characteristics with lack of appropriate professional development, for these reasons it is required for teachers to be ready in terms of their knowledge, skills and also attitude in order to fully exploit the advantages in ICT (Rosnaini Mahmud, 2006). According to Ely (1995) the stress should not be on the technology itself but more on the teachers who will decide on the purpose in using the technology, how it is utilized and evaluates the effect of its use. Nowadays in that respect are a lot of ICT facilities and tools furnishd in the school however the optimum use is very much relied on the teacher factor (Demirbilek, 2009). Due to the quick changes and growths in the use of the computer during the past decades had an impact on the educationa l system, the technical and vocational teacher development becomes an important component to help the students to provide them the necessary skills to use it in the world of work (Maclean and Ordonez, 2007). As the computer technologies are experiencing brisk growth, they bear the potential to outreach vocational education to more learners in better ways, and in improving teaching effectiveness, it is best that vocational and technical teachers are stimulated to take part in professional development activities in order to familiarize them with the uses of computer technology (Buntat et al., 2010). Moreover, vocational teachers should be equipped with the knowledge to use new technologies as these technologies are constantly changing and pay the knack to affect... ...cational schools to describe the factors which contribute the ICT integration among the technical and vocational teachers and the relationships between these factors. Integration of ICT into the classroom is a dynam ic process that is connected with various factors and its succeeder does not depend entirely on existence or non-existence of these factors (Afshari et al, 2009). These factors may be demographic characteristics for the teachers much(prenominal) as (Age, gender, and teaching experience), Educational background such as (type of training and level of qualification), supporting factors such as (ICT availability and administrative support) and readiness variables (knowledge, skills, and attitudes). The study will describe the teachers knowledge level and skills which employ to be specifically for teachers teach engineering subjects in technical and vocational schools.

Vocational and Technical Teachers in Malaysia Essay -- Education, Co

An issue arises whether the teachers in this country are ready to face and handle the challenges due to the birth of technology especially ICT in and out of nurture and due to the fact that the latest technology has acquired unique characteristics with lack of appropriate professional development, for these reasons it is necessary for teachers to be ready in terms of their knowledge, skills and also spot in order to fully exploit the advantages in ICT (Rosnaini Mahmud, 2006). According to Ely (1995) the stress should not be on the technology itself but more on the teachers who leave decide on the purpose in using the technology, how it is utilized and evaluates the effect of its use. Nowadays there are a lot of ICT facilities and tools provided in the school except the optimum use is very much relied on the teacher factor (Demirbilek, 2009). Due to the rapid changes and growths in the use of the computer during the past decades had an impact on the educational system, the ade pt and vocational teacher development becomes an important component to help the students to provide them the necessary skills to use it in the world of work (Maclean and Ordonez, 2007). As the computer technologies are experiencing brisk growth, they bear the potential to outreach vocational education to more learners in better ways, and in improving teaching effectiveness, it is best that vocational and technical teachers are stimulated to take part in professional development activities in order to familiarize them with the uses of computer technology (Buntat et al., 2010). Moreover, vocational teachers should be equipped with the knowledge to use new technologies as these technologies are constantly changing and have the knack to affect... ...cational schools to describe the factors which contribute the ICT integration among the technical and vocational teachers and the relationships between these factors. Integration of ICT into the classroom is a dynamic process that is co nnected with various factors and its success does not depend entirely on existence or non-existence of these factors (Afshari et al, 2009). These factors may be demographic characteristics for the teachers such as (Age, gender, and teaching experience), Educational background such as (type of training and level of qualification), supporting factors such as (ICT availability and administrative support) and readiness variables (knowledge, skills, and attitudes). The study will describe the teachers knowledge level and skills which used to be specifically for teachers teach engineering subjects in technical and vocational schools.

Shooting Dad

Jurgen Bolanos Professor Brewer English 107 Feb. 18 2011 Were not so different you and I In Sarah Vowells try Shooting Dad she talks about her relationship with her dad. She goes far to explain how she differs from her father. She explains her tug-of-war battle with her father. In the lay off of the essay she expresses her great love for her father and it shows how happy she is that she sh atomic number 18s a common feeling. They share a great sense of passion and pride. She begins the essay by viewing the open gap between her and her father.She explains her relationship as You could have looked at the Democratic campaign poster in the upstairs window and the Republican adept in the downstairs window and seen our home for the Civil War battleground it was (Vowell 433). I feel that in her description, her and her father both were very stubborn and treasured the other to view their personal way of living as right. Sarahs father called her in mocking joyful tones when a republican won an election, and she attach a left wing newspaper clipping on the refrigerator door because she knew he would see it.Another way of setting herself apart from her father was the many times when she explained discomfort in her home. I had to move revolvers out of my way to make room for a bowl of Rice Krispies on the kitchen table (Vowell 434). Vowell and so contrast her discomfort with the lonely island she has made out of her room. She not only separates herself from her dad but also her twin sister who is just as fanatic about guns as her father. She feels like her twin is in an alliance with her father and against her. Amy shared our fathers enthusiasm for firearms and the quick-draw cowboy mythology surrounding them (Vowell 435). Sarah realizes she may outright be able to build a relationship with her father when she hears about his new cannon. She asks him if she may go shoot his new cannon with him. This is like a breath of fresh air to her and a great surprise to her father. He was immediately suspicious (Vowell 438). Even when she was trying out a new social function with her father she seemed a bit cautious because she was trying to justify her motives to the reader.Although Sarah starts to admit she likes her new experience, Sarahs view of guns as negative still exists. She puts in her essay an explanation of why her fathers cannon are different by using the analogy of someone trying to rob a pot liquor store. try to rob a convenience store with this 110-pound Saturday night special, youd still be dragging it in the door Sunday afternoon (Vowell 439). She tries to overhear her love for loud, head banging music to the sound of the cannon when it is excavation.Towards the end of the essay the rhythm slows down as she begins to talk about her fathers wishes when he dies. She feels affable of honored to know that her father will be shot out of the cannon they both shot together. In her last paragraph she shows that honor by starting just ab out every sentence with I. Sarah says, I will have my fathers body burned into ashes. I will take these ashes into paper bags. I will go to the mountainsI will plunge his remains into the barrel and point it into a hillI will absolved the fuse.But I will not cover my ears I think she also uses the repetition of me to show ownership, because they way her father wants his body to be treated are from an experience they shared. This was an awesome essay that began with the clashing of two stubborn people. Sarah then learned that all her life she had believed that her and her father was complete opposites but went she first shot the cannon with her father all that changed. She ends the essay with a new found relationship with her father and knowing they are one in the same.

Keeping Close to Home Essay

Bell maulers essay Keeping Close to Home, describes her struggles after(prenominal) she was recognised at Stanford University to get ahead her self-realization. In this essay Hooks talks near her journey to educate herself and no losing her sense of where she came from as Afri hatful American charwoman from a working class background. Hooks parents wanted her to go to a civilise resolve to home, a non-diverse like Stanford was. They wanted her to go to a school no just close to home but were the majority were black in addition. Her family biggest fear was her daughter changing her header or losing her values and the connection with them. They knew college wobble people. However Hooks found the way to turn back close to home by visiting e really year, sometimes when she couldnt go home because she didnt have the money to travel, she had to stay at school, she expresses in a passage how her family wasnt happy or supportive somewhat her decision about her handout to Stanford . As she said My parents had not being delighted that I had been accepted ad adamantly opposed my going so far from home.At the identical time, I did not see their opposition as an expression of their fear that they would lose me forever, Like many undertaking folks, they feared what college education might do to their childrens even as they unenthusiastically acknowledge its importance (101). Most kids have a precise bullocky knowledge about were they serve from like Hooks was, opposite to some others which doesnt, this make them to be weak, they could change their values and they might forget about their families and community. . When kids go to college they are in touch with many distinct people from different backgrounds. It is normal that their parents could be afraid of their kids changing their minds afterwards they will be living away from home and this could happen. This changes depend on how strong their roots are. Having no contact with no contact with their familie s that could happen, like Hooks explains on her essay when she said Often I tell students from poor and working-class backgrounds that if you believe that what you have learned and are learning in schools and universities separates you from your past, this is precisely what will happen. It is important to stand firm in the conviction that nothing cantruly separate us from our pasts when we nurture and cherish that connection (108).The best way to maintain the values our family gave us when we go away from home each to college or to live far from our families is keeping in touch with them for this purpose talk to our families once in a bit will be severe also never forget were we came from. When I read Hooks essay, this send me back in time to the year of 1979 when I graduate from High School. As I was reading her essay I felt that Hooks and I had the same struggles. Before I graduate from High School I had my mind set about going to college. My family was very poor. My mother was always a very hard worker woman, she ironed all the neighborhood clothing. I am very proud of my mother being a single mother she was capable to race my little sister and I all by herself after my dad past away when I was twelve years old Hookss talks about how proud she was about her father too when she said I never knew how poor we were until I needed to go to college. I knew I will need to find a job to further my education. Hooks reveals all the pain and struggles she had after she was accepted at Stanford, how her parents were not supportive.I had the same exact struggles. My mother was very upset when I told her about my decision on going to school, she argues with me about how her friends kids never came back to their homes and how they stop visiting their parents after they went to school. My mother was not being very supportive like Hooks parents were. She teaches us to how to be loving, caring, how to respect each other in the family and everyone else. She wanted for me just to find a job close to my house, she even talked with the owners of this pharmacy on the corner of my house to give me a job as a cashier. She said I should stay home and serve her with the house chores, she never thought I could be anything more than a housekeeping. We lived in a very small town called Villa Canales which was eight hours away from the college I decided to go. That was the most painful decision I had ever made. After all I was the first generation going to college.My family was very tight with very strong values. My sister and I used to spend all our summers vacations at my grandmas house when we were little, we loved to listen all the stories she had to tell us, while we grow up. This made my family very similar to Hookss family. However my mother was afraid of me being far from her and my little sister and forget about them which didnt happen. Even when the communication was not easy in Guatemala where I growup, I did all my efforts maintaining communicatio n with my family. Distance was not enough resolve for me to stop keeping in touch with them the same and never forget about all the instructions she gave me. The same way Hooks never halt her contact and communication with her family.The purpose of her essay is to argue about that students coming from a working class background should not be ashamed where they come from nor either forget about their families. Going to school far from home shouldnt change people, at least no their values. To keep this values inherent people needs to keep the connection as Hooks did by keeping in touch with her family and community. Universities separates families this should not happen because the only way we keep our values is being tight with our families.

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay

The tone of William Shakespeares small t aver is set by the root word of madness and deception. The remnant of settlements male parent and the appearance of his ghost to his son sets into motion a series of events that end in leads to the near gibe destruction of the Danish court. No one proves to be safe from the pervasive nature of their experience guilt, real or imagine, as the characters fall out victim to settlements madness and the kings deception.Revenge and fear, in particular, play central roles in the eventual conclusions of the play, as it get outs a vehicle for the concepts of madness and deceit, as well as the bloody and darkening shadow that falls upon Denmark itself. Even before he sees his fetchs ghost among the rook walls, the seeds of suspicion and disgust have already grown to fruition within small towns mind. All that is needed to touch off this dark imprint into full-blown action is a spark. This spark comes in the pretend of the deceased king, wh o gives voice to his sons suspicions.Its interesting, given the full blown form that Hamlets madness later takes, to consider that the conversation between father and ghost whitethorn have been a delusion. Though its problematic to write off the apparition itself as false, since it is the guards who first see the ghost walking silently, the conversation between father and son is private and serves to provide confession for Hamlets later actions. In this way, its possible that this conversation was simply the starting line point for Hamlets growing insanity. From this first act, the opposite events fall in quick succession as though predicted.Death becomes a central al approximately fated result of the lethal mixture of Hamlets growing insanity and the guilt of the king on that point is a fine line between Hamlets realities and his delusions, as shown in the truth of his uncles deceit. Its outstanding that the tragedy of Hamlet begins and ends with death, providing a full-circ le to the powers murder of his brother and Hamlets own revenue and death. This is ascribable in part to the larger significance of death both as an ending and a beginning. The tragedy of Hamlet itself begins and ends with death while the dead themselves provide witnesses.Its important to note that even as the death should be released by the chain of events, they are not allowed to truly rest. From Hamlets father the king, to Ophelias drowned memory, they are allowed little reprieve. Instead their deaths act as cataclysms for more tragedy and death. It is Ophelia and Poloniuss deaths that cause Laertes to meet his death at the end of Hamlets poison-tipped blade. Connected to the idea of revenge, the dead are fuel to the fire and darkness that seep into the minds and actions of all involved.Given the heavy presence of death, it is no wonderment that the images of darkness and the adjective black is repeated throughout the book. It seems to be almost an eternal night in Hamlets Denm ark. There is no comfort. There is no look forward to, only sadness and death. Revenge, madness, and presumption are connected in Hamlet through their common dark designs and darker endings. The need for revenge, which is bred from Hamlets incur with his fathers ghost and eventually drives his madness, is not justice. This revenge is part duty, part self-preservation.Hamlet is lost in his new role in his family, with his nonpluss marriage to his uncle and the usurpation of the crown from Hamlets own head. In taking action against his uncle, Hamlet is defending the honor of his family and attempting to reclaim his own self which has been lost (I. iv. ll. 21). With the new developments, Denmark itself has become a prison (II. ii. ll. 241), and he is a prisoner to the awareness of his position and the growing need to exact revenge. It is important to make the distinction between the two, revenge and justice.Hamlet is seeking to right the wrong of his fathers death, at first through revelation tho then when this fails through violence. There is not the sense that Hamlet expects to escape his own death in the process of exacting revenge but at the same time there is the maddened sense of invincibility near him. He hopes to regain part of himself in destroying his uncle, however, he is already lost to his own fear and insanity. The concept of blood is important throughout the play, both in literal form in showing the brutality of Hamlets actions, and as representative of family.The physical presnece of blood is seen throughout the play in the deaths of even those who do end in bloodshed, like Ophelia. The final scene in transaction V is the bloodiest, with the deaths of Laertes and Hamlet, the wounding of the King, and the poisoning of the Queen. That final scene is also a good example of the power of blood, in the family sense, as Hamlet finally gains resolve in the deception of his uncle and his mothers marriage and Laertes himself is able to avenge his si ster and father.However, the concept of family goes much farther back in the play, to the very beginning with the first appearance of the dead king, still linked to his son and the tragedy of his blood, who himself is heard by Hamlet to call for revenge. For Hamlet, the concept of blood is perhaps the most sensitive and the core root to his own madness. A chief source of hurt pride for Hamlet is the marriage of his widowed mother to his uncle. In Hamlets eyes, not only has the new king usurped the role of his dead (murdered) brother but he has also taken over his brothers position in the Queens bed.This is not a difficult idea to understand Hamlet obviously feels a strong loyalty to his father and to the idea of his own succession. However, Hamlets constant condemnation of the King and Queens marriage being incestuous shows more about Hamlet than his mother, who is constantly condemned by her son for the marriage. The king is Hamlets paternal uncle and therefore, unrelated to the Qu een except through the marriage of his deceased brother, Hamlets uncle. Therefore there is no real incest going on between the newly married couple but rather a joining of recent and present.Instead Hamlet is showing an intolerance to change, that when divorced of his uncles treachery, is not quite as damning. However, true to the form of the play, the marriage has been built upon the dark industrial plant of the King. Their marriage is a deceptive continuity, the Queen herself innocent to the dark deeds of the King. She is not wholly innocent, as she ignorantly believes in the innocence of the new King. sequence she obviously loves her son, in sensing and fearing Hamlets growing restlessness and insanity, she does in a manner turn away from him.Seeing only death in her sons countenance, it is understandable that she would ally herself with the calm presence of the new king. However, there is something of a resolution between mother and son. When the queen drinks the poison, the King has prepared for Hamlet, she joins the ranks of the innocent dead. Like Ophelia, the Queen becomes a kind of martyr to the ulterior motives of royal ascendency and the revenge of her only son. Though the King may have had larger ideas of their marriage, the Queens tragedy seems to be a belief in hope.In remarrying she is hoping to continue her life and in Hamlet she sees hope for her love and affection, even as he rejects her. Without the morality of justice, Hamlets revenge fails to provide any resolution. While death is certainly an end and a recurrent theme throughout the play, the persistence and skewed senses of madness prevent the carnage of the Danish court from representing an absolute ending. Instead, there simply seems to be no one else to truly die, no one else to suffer within this narrative of tragedy.Hamlets madness had acted in a way to bring about the complete destruction of all hed ever held dear, it spent not only the resolve of its master but everything which it touched. The court of Denmark is shrivel up but no longer a prison to Hamlet as he can depart in death as he was neer able to in life. Though Hamlet finds his revenge and his end, he does not find true peace. Fueled by his own depression and anxiety, the injured pride of a fallen son, Hamlet instead creates a cycle of violence and fear which in the end even he falls prey to.

In “A Rose for Emily,” William Faulkner

In A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner explores what encourages and what happens due to insanity. Emily Griersons life is narrated through, we can assume, a member of the community to which she belonged belonged is used because she is already deceased at the beginning of the short story. Faulkner avoids telling the story chronologically and instead tells us about Emilys past in a way similar to the way the hu reality mind worksa series of memories all jumbled up.Emily, we find out, lived a life under an overly controlling fathershe pr practiseically had no social life to speak of. Her father was basically the totally person in her life so it is not surprisingalthough shockingthat she clings to him even after he dies. Upon his death, she goes out in the town and defies the set rules of society by visual perception a man under her status. Fraternizing with this man, Homer Barron, may get to had a positive impact on her life however, Homer is not a marrying man (29), which turns out to be absolutely devastating for Emily. Emily, we can conclude from her fathers death, does not deal well with strife.The heartbreak is too much for her and causes her insanity to lash out. Emilys yearning for someone to love combined with her insanity leads her to commit deeds that a sane person would never do such as killing a man, leaving the decaying ashes in her house, lying next to the corpse, and perhaps even committing acts of necrophilia. Looking at Emilys story, it is quite fright to think of the extent of damage that madness can compel people to inflict. It is very seeming that Emily did not realize how horrific her actions were.Truth to tell William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is an incredibly fascinating story about a woman who practiced necrophilia. The story is about a woman who poisons her boyfriend and keeps his body in a bed in her upstairs room for decades. No one ever exits or enters her old house except for her negro manservant.And what is necrophilia, barel y and how do we prove by using the text of A Rose for Emily that indeed, Emily Grierson was a necrophiliac? Necrophilia for Mirriam-Webster would mean, obsession with an usually erotic interest in corpses or erotic interest in the stimulation by corpses. Medical dictionaries would define necrophilism to be , 1. A morbid fondness for being in the comportment of dead bodies, and 2. The impulse to have versed contact, or the act of such contact, with a dead body, usually of males with female corpses.Necrophilia can best be described as internal arousal stimulated by a dead body. The stimulation can be either in the form of fantasies or actual physical sexual contact with the corpse. Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by HerodotusWhen the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is in reality said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died.The symptoms of necrophilia are as follows necrophilia are the presence, over a uttermost of at least sixsome months, of recurrent and intense urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving corpses which are either acted upon or have been markedly distressing. And the manifestations are said to be characterized by the following data. There is a broad spectrum of necrophilic behaviors, ranging from fantasies only to murder for the sake of procuring a dead body. Faulkners Emily did commit murder in order to have a dead mans body to sleep beside with, I want arsenic, (28) Emily tells the druggist in Faulkners story. That she is about to commit murder is only implied, and the truth is seen towards the end of the narrative. Experts have sub categorise the paraphilia according to where it falls on that spectrum. Necrophilic fantasies of corpses, never acted upon, still fall within the scope of necrophilia and some authors have categorized this as a neurotic equivalent to necrophilia. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and disceptation forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair. (31) In this quote, the readers can deduce that, at the very least, Emily had lain beside the dead body of Homer Barron.Pseudonecrophilia describes isolated incidents where the sexual contact with the corpse may happen without pre-existing fantasies or desire to have sexual contact with the body. Even in its truest form, necrophilia can be quite varied, ranging from simply being in the presence of a corpse to kissing, fondling or performing sexual intercourse or cunnilingus on the body. The presence of some other paraphilias or personality disorders, however, can manifest in more imaginative or sadistic elements such as mutilation of the corpse, drinking the blood or urine, or homicide (necrophilic homicide or necrosadism).The latter is the most disturbing end of the spectrum. Although assumed rare, galore(postnominal) have argued that necrophilia may be more prevalent than statistics imply, given that the act would be carried out in secret with a victim uneffective to complain and given the length of time which the paraphilia has been recognized. But if Emily had used arsenic to poison and murder Homer, then she could not have been capable of performing an act of necrophilic homicide, for, how many times can you poison an already deceased and poisoned man?Although the act of murder itself may generate the subsequent sexual frenzy, research has resolute an alarming rate of homicide in order to obtain a body for subsequent sexual violation. Rosman and Resnick int their study, Necrophilia An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies found that 42% of their study archetype of necrophiles had murdered in order to obtain a body.Researchers have determined, however, that sadism itself is not usually an intrinsic characteristic of true necrophilia. (74) In all cases, on that point is doubtlessly sexual preference for a corpse rather than a living woman. And this is what makes William Faulkners Emily, unique. In the plot is a reversal of the symptoms manifest that is usual in the cases of necrophilia. Emily, is a woman, who preferred the company and sexual comfort of a dead man.When no other act of cruelty cutting into pieces etc., is practiced on the corpse, it is probable that the lifeless condition itself, forms the stimulus for the perverse individual. Homer Barron, as implied in the story, was maybe going to flee Emily, hence she resorted to murder by poison, When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we h ad said, She will marry him. Then we said, She will persuade him yet, because Homer himself had remarked- he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks Club- that he was not a marrying man. (29)Kraft-Ebing states in his, Psychopathia sexualis It is possible that the corpse a human form absolutely without will satisfies an abnormal desire, in that the object of desire is seen to be capable of absolute subjugation, without possibility of resistance (89).What happened after the incident of the poisoning can only be guessed at, but in this telling of the life of Emily Grierson there is proof, that Emily as able to persuade her Homer Barron, only that he was not someone hard to persuade, he was already dead, after all, The violence of breaking polish up the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust.A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal upon the valance board curtains o f faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the mans toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. (30)Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. This was not a sick and twisted scenario meant to be feasted on by literary critics who work with queer gender theory, Emily was not gay, Homer could have been, but, Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded beneath it the two unuttered shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in bed. (30) yes, Homer was a man, he was Emilys man.As with the other paraphilias, necrophilia often occurs in conjunction with other paraphilias. Again, readers can only make intelligent inferences as to how, just exactly, did the things of Homer( made of silver ) get to become so tarnished, if by air corrosion alone? Could it be that at some point or the other, Emily infused them with fluids from her body, through acts that are too horrifying to speak of in this paper, but you get the picture.The individual should be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly. Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilias cognitive therapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistance with improving social and sexual relations, etc. Sadly, Emily could not have been treated, she had chosen to isolation after her crime, Now and then, we would see her at a window for a moment, as the men did that wickedness when they sprinkled lime , but for almost six months, she did not appear on the streets. (29) For that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period of six and seven years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china painting (29).In conclusions then, there really is enough evidence in the text tha t Emily Grierson of William Faulkner had managed to make herself the necrophilic lover of Mr. Homer Barron.And so , the world can only offer, a rose for Emily, for she can no longer answer for her gruesome acts, not that she ever could.WORKS CITEDCole, Isaac, ed. The Life and Works of Herodotus. stark naked Land Press London, 1990.Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Interactive Edition. Eds. Kennedy, X.J and Gioia Dana. United States Pearson Longman. 2005. 29 36.Krafft-Ebing, R. von. Psychopathia sexualis.New York Stein & Day, 1986, (Original work published in 1886)Rosman, J. & Resnick, P. Necrophilia An analysis of 122 cases involving necrophilic acts and fantasies. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,1989.

Economic Recession in Ireland 2007-2012

Irelands salient Recession. The Irish Economy, 2007-2012. The title of this essay, Irelands great recession, refers to the Irish economy from 2007-2012. From my query into this essay, I found that the Irish economy of this period could be referred to as The Great Depression. There ar parallel similarities to the Irish economy now as experienced in America in the 1920s. This essay will examine what a recession is, why Ireland is in a recession, the effects and face of the recession, and my give birth personal views on the crisis.Not a day goes by when you dont hear stories of doom and gloom in relation to Irelands economical line of business of affairs. Ein truthbody you talk to has some oneness belonging to them or knows someone who has had to emigrate. Australia has replaced America as the land of hope and dreams, as thousands flock our shores in search of a come apart life. Within the country recession has not scarcely leaveed in mass emigration. Internally slew are st ruggling to repay their mortgages because of the housing collapse. Wages suffer been cut and taxes have been accessiond. Disposable income for many an(prenominal) a non-entity.Ireland was the first EU country to declare itself officially in recession in August 2008. We are the second EU country to have a structural adjustment programme imposed by the IMF/ECB/EU, known as the Troika. The producearound of the Irish economy has been dramatic from one with the highest levels of GDP and employment causeth to among those with the highest unemployment, emigration and debt levels across the EU in the space of just a few succinct long time. The recession has affected everybody, young and old. We are in a time where we have to cut spending in order to meet our EU obligations.The pecuniary crisis that sparked the recession and collapse of our banking system is the most serious problem that we face. The Calm before the Storm- The Celtic Tiger Years(1995-2007) The Celtic Tiger was a ter m utilize to describe the boom years which our economy went through from around 1995-2007. UK economist Kevin Gardiner coined the term Celtic Tiger, comparing Irelands unexpected economic take-off to the Asian tiger economies. Many believe the foundations of the Celtic Tiger were laid in the 1990s in a Dublin pub called Nesbitts.It was here that politicians, economists and civil servants met to discuss afterlife goernment policies. It was agreed that the government of the day should cut taxes, lower interest order, reduce import duties which would encourage foreign investment. It was later referred to as the Doheny & Nesbitt School of Economics. Our broad corporation tax of 12. 5% enticed foreign investment into the country. The fact that Ireland was a member of the European Union since 1973 helped enormously. The EU pumped vast amounts of money into floor and grants especially in the agricultural sector.It meant a single currency and free trade within the EU. Ireland had an open economy where trade was promoted and thrived, especially in the area of exports. Ireland has a workforce that is highly educated and attracted further investment especially from high-tech and pharmaceutical industries. As the economy started to grow so did immigration into the country, as there was lots of work particularly in the construction industry. There was a surge in demand for housing and as a result this triggered the housing boom. Banks were encouraging customers to borrow as there were low interest rates.Property prices began to rise and many people sought property as a course of study of investment not just as a home. Property developers became millionaires over night as a result of the property boom. spate in Ireland began funding lavish lifestyles and in a lot of cases had lost the run of themselves. Collapse of the World Financial Market On the 15th of September, 2008 Lehman Brothers, one of America Largest investment Banks in the USA, declared itself bankrup t. Major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan mart as a result.As share prices declined, many large and healthful established investment and commercial banks in the United States and Europe suffered huge losings and even faced bankruptcy, resulting in massive financial assistance. Ireland is a very small fish in a macroscopical pond. Ireland is an open economy and our banks, like our businesses, trade with other banks. Irish Banks borrowed huge sums of money on ascribe from foreign banks. Our main source of repayment was taxes through our construction industry. What resulted was a domino effect when one major bank fell the others in turn throughout America and the EU started to fall.Governments stepped in pumping billions into their banks to save them. The collapse of the world financial markets triggered the recession but some countries suffered a lot worse than others. Ireland is one of those countries, because Ireland borrowed beyond their instrument but mainly to support t he purchase of private property. Recessionary Times A recession is a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two attendant quarters (oxford Dictionary) GDP is made up of private consumption, government spending, investments and exports-imports.A recession is typically accompanied by a drop in the stock market, an increase in unemployment, and a decline in the housing market. It is also a term that people refer to when there is on-going hardships that people face in their insouciant lives. In recessionary times people have little disposable income and money is more often spent on necessity items like nutriment and clothing, whereas luxury goods are beyond reach for many. Banks The crash of our banking system was the biggest cause of our country going into recession. Our banks lent recklessly when times were good.Loans were given to people without consideration. People within the banking s ystem were paid bonuses the more they lent. Most people seeking these loans did not meet international regulations. The banks misguided thousands of ordinary people by giving these loans for enormous amounts, knowing that they realistically could not afford repayments. During the Celtic Tiger period of growth, capital to finance Irelands boom was raised in the interbank market, typically on a three-month basis, but with repayment not expected until two or three years later.When Irish property values went into decline and the freezing-up of the worlds interbank market in 2007, it was certain by the start of 2008 that the Irish banking system would have great difficulty in financing its day-to-day operations. This trading difficulty, and inadequate care by the regulatory body, led to a series of government interventions, starting with a Bank guarantee in September 2008. It is nearly four years since the fateful night of September 29th/30th 2008 when the Irish government guaranteed th e key financial liabilities of our biggest banks.That decision has dominated national politics since then. For the economic and semipolitical consequences of that decision are immense. Since 2008, Irish taxpayers have invested 64. 1 billion into our banks. In addition to that direct investment, we have also indirectly invested a further 6 billion through NAMA (National Account Management Agency). That was the estimate given by the Controller and Auditor General, in May this year. He reported that NAMA had paid Irish banks 32 billion for loans that were, in fact, worth only 26 billion. In total then, we have already pumped 70. billion into our ailing banks. Thats the equivalent of 46,700 for every person working full-time. Its a second mortgage that we didnt want and can barely afford. And we mightnt be finished so removed in terms of how much money we have to pump into the banks. As of December last, the fit sheets of the three main Irish banks (AIB, Bank of Ireland and Irish career & Permanent) showed a book value of their loans of 218 billion. But the banks own aggregate estimate of the fair value of those loans was only 181 billion, some 37 billion below their balance sheet carrying value.That suggests further heavy loan losses to come. Construction Industry During the boom years, demand for housing increased. It increased as a result of many factors population growth, investments, tax breaks and low interest rates. As a result of this demand there was a rapid growth in housing and home base prices began to soar. The TSB/ESRI Index reveals that national prices increased at an average pace of almost 15% per annum between the years of 1997-2006, resulting in a cumulative increase of 240% over this period. (class notes) Ireland tried to grow its economy inward through construction.It did so but there was too much emphasis put on construction. There was far too many people employed in the construction sector and there was an over reliance on constructio n industry alone to grow our economy. Around 330,000 jobs have been lost since employment peaked in 2007, with the construction industry accounting for more than half of this total. (class notes) Inflation of Egos Whether you are a banker, detergent builder or bus driver it seemed that everyone had a second car and second home during the Celtic Tiger years.Having a little place in the insolate seemed the norm. However thunder storms have emerged since the recession. People were running up massive debts in a society gone mad. People were borrowing beyond their means with banks only too happy to oblige. While people must be responsible for the choices they make, perhaps the banks, the so called experts in finance should have been more responsible. Everybody jumped on the band wagon some builders built houses too quickly, cheaply and not following safety regulations. Priory Hall) Tradesmen were demanding and receiving vast sums of money for their work. According to Ronan Lyons an Ec onomist in Oxford University, a recession becomes a depression when you have a fall in GDP by more than 10%. He has compared both job losses in the USA in the 1920s to that of Ireland now. The results are striking. As the graph below shows, Irelands situation closely resembles the Great Depression. (Lyons ,2012) Irish GDP has locomote recording a peak to trough fall of 12. 4% (Class Notes) ConclusionAs I said earlier Ireland is a small fish in a big pond. The majority of people like to point the finger at the last government as I would, but not as strongly as others. Our last Government had a part to play. However there was a world-wide recession and we would have suffered economically as a result as every country has within the EU. I believe however that our last government could have done some of the following regulate the banks so they would not conduce recklessly, re invests elsewhere in the economy for growth when times were good.There was an over reliance on construction to feed the economy. They could have increased interest rates to bring down inflation therefore slowing the economy. The government could have closed Anglo Irish Bank- Anglo is mainly a commercial bank with little customers in Ireland. This would have saved Irish taxpayers in the region of 30 billion euros. Our current government promised not to make the same mistakes of our previous government in their pre-election manifestos.They now key out us they are locked by the terms of the EU/IMF bailout. Can our government not re-negotiate a deal? Can they not tell Europe that further cuts cannot be put in place if we are to see growth in our economy in the long term? Germany only in the last couple of years repaid there debt after the Second World War. Ireland unlike many of its European counterparts is meeting the terms of the agreement. We keep interview how good a nation we are and that we are a success story, and the measures that we are taking in reducing debt.We are receiving a pat o n the back from our German friends, but is this a pat on the back, or a further shove into the quick sand that we are already standing(a) in? Is it a sign of success that young Irish people are emigrating, that the dole queues are getting longer? It is a success that the people of Ireland will be in debt for years to come? Recently Enda Kenny was on the cover of Time magazine under the caption Celtic Comeback. Great people like Einstein have also graced the cover of this famous magazine. So too has BART SIMPSON

Compensation

Compensation is an important motivator when looking to achieve desired organizational results. Money is vista of s a powerful motivator, however that only holds for sometime until the next turn over increase is due. Compensation strategies reinforce the organizational culture that you desire, this enables the culture where pay is linked to performance. To ensure this process works, it must be reflected in the strategic business objectives. The objectives must clearly be delimit, must be communicated as soon as decision has been reached.By doing this proper, the organization can motivate employees and make them want to perform better. CONTENT An inducing contrive is defined as a semiformal scheme used to promote or encourage specific actions or behavior by a specific group of people during a defined period of time. So what are the reasons so many companies would find a need to offer such incentive plans? Some of the top reasons are, for motivation, accompany morale, company lo yalty, increased productivity, increase achievement, reduced absenteeism, reduce company cost, decreased turnover and to create more team work.The organization I am employees with created for both merger and non- urn employees an incentive compensation plan. When developing this plan it was to focus on two major points, safety and waste reduction. It was then also decided that a tercet element would also be counted, improved productivity. In stray to receive the incentive there were requirements you need to be a full time Compensation-Bemires 3 employee, employed for the last three (3) consecutive months and be actively employed at the time of payout, which was quarterly.There are also goals that need to be reached in order to collect the incentive for that portion of the goals. The safety component is that the TRIP (total recordable incident rate) needs to be low. Following the guidelines as noted Greater than 1. 50 payout was O 01 -? 1. 50 payout is 1% of quarterly wages less t han 1. 01 payout is 2% of quarterly wages As a company this component is important because the safety of the employees is and lead always be the most important thing to the company. Their safety should come first not only to Bemires but also to the employees.It was after looking at these aspects that a separate incentive plan needs to be created just for the non-union/salary employees. The channelize (salaried performance incentive plan) needs to be created for salary forcefulness of the Bemires Company. It is intended to provide an incentive for employees to perform their jobs at the highest level possible to facilitate achievement of division and Compensation-Bemires 5 the plant goals, contributing to overall profitability.This plan was designed to reward individuals with additional annual cash compensation in recognition of their individual and collective efforts to meet or exceed annual goals. different a merit increase which is an increase to your salary establish on demons trated ability to meet job responsibilities over an extended period Of time, incentive award is based on annual performance, targeting specific areas which may change from year to year. Employees must be regular full time employees, must be active employees t time of distribution.Eligibility does not necessarily entitle a participant to an award and does not constitute an agreement with the company. In making the requirements for this SHIP incentive it bequeath depend on many factors which include, the individual base salary earnings for the eligibility period, normal reward percent, performance rating given by employees superiors, all targets/measurements are meet, and funding scale. The following are the factors to determine each of these. Base salary earnings amount of pay a participant certain throughout the plan year in eligible base earnings excluding all other forms of compensation.Normal award percent each participant is assigned a normal award percent for his/her position employees will be notified of this percentage. Normal award is the base dollar amount of incentive eligible to the participant, it is then impact up or down by individual performance rating and the results Of the profit and other targets set for the plan year. Individual performance rating (l PR) this will be given by the supervisor and can range from . 500 up to 1 250, the PR should correlate to the overall performance of the Compensation-Bemires 6 employee based on their yearly appraisal.

Oedipus Rex Life and Justice Essay

Every ace has a moment toward the end of their life where they can finally reflect back on their life as a whole, that that moment is not the most important. Through protrude everyones life, we are all constantly searching for one common thing Justice. In terms of justice, Im referring to the search of finding out who you actually are and what is your purpose. Oedipus Rex had a turn in his life which forced him to search for justice and find out who he really was. Oedipus Rex was a simple, yet noble man who had became a king. It wasnt until years later that he would begin his search for justice that would finally change his life.Throughout the story, Oedipus searches for a murderer of a past king, but as the story unfolds, he starts to question himself. He begins to wonder who he really is collectable to lack of information about his very own life. Oedipuss search for justice brings him an understanding of completeness and shame. Justice in Oedipuss eyes agent that he can unders tand where he came from and realize the truth. All of Oedipuss life has been one heroic cover-up of his true identity. Oedipuss life was cursed, starting line out when he was just a little boy. As a man, Oedipus gains more k forthwithledge and power and is able to uncover the deep and dark truth.In Oedipuss search for justice, he learns who his true parents are, where he was born and what happened to him from being a boy to becoming a king. I could actually say that Oedipuss search was successful, although it was horrific. During Oedipuss life, he tried to live a life dedicated to his family and his people. He stood by his fellow Thebans and tried to always listen and do whats in the best interest for them. However, living a life trying to do whats right is never easy when you are destine to commit heinous crimes. Oedipus finds out during his search that he is the killer in which he is in search of.After learning of this news, Oedipus finally starts to see the big picture and lea rn about his identity as a whole. Oedipus learns that he was also the son of the king who he murdered, but couldnt realize it due to being sent away as a little boy and left for dead. The news gets worse when he digs deeper and sees that he has in issuance married his mother and fathered children with her. Oedipus learns of these new discoveries and can realize the truth which he has been sheltered from his whole life. Sometimes the truth can be too much to bear, and justice comes with a price.Oedipus felt ashamed and horrible about just now finding out his true identity and how his actions now are unmoral. Oedipus blind himself and believed that his actions and crimes couldnt have been justified any other way. His actions were a symbol of how he has been blind all his life, yet he had eyes but now he is literally blind and can see the truth clearer than ever. Life is a search for Justice has been perfectly shown in Oedipus Rex. Oedipus was just an example of how galore(postnomin al) people can go their entire life without ever knowing the truth about their identity and living a big lie.Oedipus needed the garter of many Thebans to accomplish his goal. I believe that everyone in life needs that connection between other people to figure out their past. No one can learn about themselves without the knowledge of older people who have been around to see you develop. In reference to Oedipus, he pulled together with a convocation of people and conducted his search for justice. Even though his search brought him tragic news and a complete change to his life, he now knows the truth about himself and his past.

A Brief History of Hci

A Brief account statement of humane figurer Interaction Technology Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University School of calculating machine Science Technical treat CMU-CS-96-163 and Human electronic computer Interaction Institute Technical circulate CMU-HCII-96-103 December, 1996 Please cite this work as Brad A. Myers. A Brief recital of Human reckoner Interaction Technology. ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54. Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 emailprotected gp. s. cmu. edu Abstract This article summarizes the diachronic occupy of major advances in human- reckoner interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university look for in the advancement of the field. procure (c) 1996 Carnegie Mellon University A short excerpt from this article appe atomic add together 18d as part of Strategic Directions in Human Computer Interaction, gelded by Brad Myers, Jim H ollan, Isabel Cruz, ACM Computing Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This interrogation was partially sponsored by NCCOSC under engender No.N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa Order No. B326 and partially by NSF under grant number IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this enter ar those of the authors and should non be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. Government. Keywords Human Computer Interaction, History, user Interfaces, Interaction Techniques. pic 1. Introduction interrogation in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been spectacularly uccessful, and has basically changed computing. Just genius example is the ubiquitous graphical user porthole used by Microsoft Windows 95, which is ground on the mac, which is based on work at make off PARC, which in turn is based on foremost look into at the Stanford explore research laboratory (now SRI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. An sep arate example is that almost all software written today employs drug user interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were unquestionable low at universities.Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research applying hyper school text technology to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. Interface improvements more than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that will lead to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few in bodily research labs.This paper tries to briefly summarize many of the important research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By research, I mean exploratory work at universities and government and corporate research labs (such as Xerox PARC) that is not directly cogitate to products. By HCI technology, I am referring to the computer side of HCI. A come with ar ticle on the history of the human side, discussing the contributions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would also be allow for.A motive for this article is to overcome the mistaken impression that much of the important work in Human-Computer Interaction occurred in industry, and if university research in Human-Computer Interaction is not supported, then industry will just carry on anyway. This is simply not true. This paper tries to show that many of the most famous HCI successes developed by companies are deeply rooted in university research. In fact, virtually all of todays major interface styles and applications guide had world-shaking influence from research at universities and labs, often with government living.To illustrate this, this paper lists the funding sources of some of the major advances. Without this research, many of the advances in the field of HCI would probably not have taken place, and as a consequence, the user interfaces of commercial p roducts would be far more difficult to use and learn than they are today. As draw by Stu Card Government funding of advanced human-computer interaction technologies reinforced the intellectual capital and skil lead the research teams for pioneer organisations that, over a period of 25 years, revolutionized how people interact with computers.Industrial research laboratories at the corporate level in Xerox, IBM, AT&T, and others played a strong role in developing this technology and bringing it into a form suitable for the commercial arena. 6, p. 162). Figure 1 shows eon lines for some of the technologies discussed in this article. Of course, a deeper analysis would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to appreciate that years of research are involved in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use.The analogous will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is cl earlier unimaginable to list every organization and source in a paper of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential systems. Although there are a number of other mints of HCI topics ( nail, for example 1 10 33 38), none cover as many aspects as this one, or try to be as comprehensive in finding the original influences. some other useful resource is the telecasting All The Widgets, which shows the historical progression of a number of user interface ideas 25.The technologies covered in this paper include unplumbed interaction styles like direct consumption, the mouse pointing turn, and windowpanes several important kinds of application areas, such as drawing, text edit and spreadsheets the technologies that will likely have the biggest impact on interfaces of the future, such as apparent motion actualization, multimedia, and 3D and the technologies used to create interfaces using the other technologies, such as user inte rface management systems, toolkits, and interface builders. pic picFigure 1 Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. pic 2. Basic Interactions Direct utilisation of graphical objects The now ubiquitous direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demo by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad 44, which was his 1963 MIT PhD thesis. SketchPad supported the manipulation of objects using a light-pen, including grabbing objects, moving them, changing size, and using constraints.It contained the seeds of myriad important interface ideas. The system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the Air Force and NSF. leadiam parvenuemans Reaction Handler 30, created at Imperial College, capital of the United Kingdom (1966-67) provided direct manipulation of graphics, and introduced Light Handles, a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first widget. Another first(a) system was AMBIT/G (implemented at MITs Lincoln Labs, 1968, ARPA funded).It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, gesture recognition, high-voltage menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield Smith coined the limit icons in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion 41 (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later favoriteized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox Star 42. Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970s.In particular, the idea of WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) originated there with systems such as the Bravo text editor in chief and the Draw drawing program 10 The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article around the Dynabook 16. The first commercial systems to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation were the Xerox Star (1981) 42, the Apple Lisa (1982) 51 and macintosh (1984) 52. Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term Direct Manipulation in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundations 40. The Mouse The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS send (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) 9 to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least(prenominal) since 1954 10, p. 68. Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as part of NLS in a ikon created in 1968 8. The mouse was then do famous as a practical input device by Xerox PARC in the 1970s. It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the terce Rivers Computer Companys PERQ (1981) 23, the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple mackintosh (1 984). Windows Multiple tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbarts NLS in 1968 8. early research at Stanford on systems like COPILOT (1974) 46 and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) 43 also demonstrated tiled windows. Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis 15 and they first appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk system 11 at Xerox PARC, and soon after in the InterLisp system 47. Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines (1979), which grew out of MIT AI Lab confinements.The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window manager (1981) 45, followed soon by the Andrew window manager 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys culture Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most significantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. The X Window System, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984 39.For a survey of window managers, see 24. 3. Application Types Drawing programs Much of the current technology was demonstrated in Sutherlands 1963 Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965). In 1968 Ken Pulfer and Grant Bechthold at the matter Research Council of Canada built a mouse out of wood patterned after Engelbarts and used it with a key-frame sustenance system to draw all the frames of a movie. A subsequent movie, Hunger in 1971 won a number of awards, and was drawn using a tablet instead of the mouse (funding by the National image Board of Canada) 3.William Newmans Markup (1975) was the first drawing program for Xerox PARCs Alto, followed shortly by Patrick Baudelaires Draw which added handling of lines and curves 10, p. 326. The first computer painting program was probably barb Shoups Superpaint at PARC (1974-75). Text redaction In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented, a word processor with automatic word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text.Stanfords TVEdit (1965) was one of the first CRT-based display editors that was widely used 48. The Hypertext Editing System 50, p. 108 from Brown University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen in 1967 (funding from IBM). NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing in 1968. TECO from MIT was an early screen-editor (1967) and EMACS 43 developed from it in 1974. Xerox PARCs Bravo 10, p. 284 was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was designed by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started working on these concepts close to 1970 while at Berkeley.The first commercial WYSIWYG editors were the Star, LisaWrite and then MacWrite. For a survey of text editors, see 22 50, p. 108. Spreadsheets The initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. HyperText The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bushs famous MEMEX idea from 1945 4. Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1965 29.Engelbarts NLS system 8 at the Stanford Research Laboratories in 1965 made extensive use of linking (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). The NLS Journal 10, p. 212 was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970). The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extens ively 49. The University of Vermonts PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link patient and patient care information at the University of Vermonts medical center.The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was another early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA 36. Ben Shneidermans Hyperties was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) 17. HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience. There have been many other hypertext systems through the years. Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web was developed at the Univ. of Illinois National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a more thoroughgoing(a) history of HyperText, see 31. Comp uter Aided Design ( detent) The same 1963 IFIPS conference at which Sketchpad was presented also contained a number of domestic dog systems, including Doug Rosss Computer-Aided Design Project at MIT in the Electronic Systems Lab 37 and Coons work at MIT with SketchPad 7. Timothy Johnsons pioneering work on the interactive 3D CAD system Sketchpad 3 13 was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the Air Force).The first CAD/CAM system in industry was probably General Motors DAC-1 (about 1963). Video Games The first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 19, p. 49 including the first computer joysticks. The early computer Adventure game was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and fag Woods developed this into a more sophisticated Adventure game at Stanford in 1966 19, p. 132. Conways game of LIFE was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. The first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). 4. Up-and-Coming Areas Gesture Reco gnition The first pen-based input device, the RAND tablet, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad used light-pen gestures (1963). Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. A very early demonstration of gesture recognition was tomcat Ellis GRAIL system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was quite common in light-pen-based systems to include some gesture recognition, for example in the AMBIT/G system (1968 ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols was developed at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969.Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto has been studying gesture-based interactions since 1980. Gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s, and came to universal notice with the Apple Newton in 1992. Multi-Media The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics (1968, funding from industry). The synergistic Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF).The Diamond project at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech). The Movie manual of arms at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate mixed video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). 3-D The first 3-D system was probably Timothy Johnsons 3-D CAD system mentioned supra (1963, funded by the Air Force). The Lincoln Wand by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D emplacement sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system also had the first interactive 3-D mystic line elimination.An early use was for molecular modelling 18. The late 60s and early 70s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics research at the University of Utah with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it government funded. Also, the m ilitary-industrial flight simulation work of the 60s 70s led the way to making 3-D real-time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, Singer/Link (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). Another important center of current research in 3-D is Fred Brooks lab at UNC (e. g. 2). Virtual human beings and Augmented Reality The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by Air Force, CIA, and Bell Labs). Very important early work was by Tom Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Kruegers early work at the University of Connecticut was influential. Fred Brooks and Henry Fuchs groups at UNC did a lot of early research, including the study of force feedback (1971, funding from US Atomic Energy Commission and NSF). Much of the early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Doug Engelbarts 1968 demonstration of NLS 8 included the remote involvement of multiple peopl e at various sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line interactive communities in an 1968 article 20 and speculated about the problem of access being limited to the privileged. Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operating(a) in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973.An early computer conferencing system was Turoffs EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1975). Natural language and speech The fundamental research for speech and inherent language understanding and generation has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT Bell Labs and BellCore, much of it government funded. See, for example, 34 for a survey of the early work. 5. Software Tools and Architectures The area of user interface software tools is quite active now, and many companies are selling tools. Most of todays applications are implemented using various forms of software tools. For a more complete survey and discussion of UI tools, see 26. UIMSs and Toolkits (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first exploiter Interface Management System (UIMS) was William Newmans Reaction Handler 30 created at Imperial College, London (1966-67 with SRC funding). Most of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George Washington Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham Young University with industrial funding, etc. . The term UIMS was coined by David Kasik at Boeing (1982) 14. Early window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, both from Xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The Xerox Star (1981) was the first commercial system to have a deep collection of widgets. The Apple Macintosh (1984) was the first to actively promote its toolkit for use by other developers to compel a consistent interface. An early C++ toolkit was Inter receives 21, developed at Stanford (1988, industrial funding).Much of the modern research is being performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) 28 and Amulet (1994) 27 projects at CMU (ARPA funded), and subArctic at Georgia Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). Interface Builders (These are interactive tools that allow interfaces composed of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be place using a mouse. ) The Steamer project at BBN (1979-85 ONR funding) demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. jack-in-the-pulpit 12 was developed at Xerox PARC in 1981.Another early interface builder was the MenuLay system 5 developed by Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The Macintosh (1984) included a Resource Editor which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created SOS Interface in Lisp f or the Macintosh while working at INRIA (1984, funded by the French government) which was the first modern interface builder. Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for NeXT and created the NeXT Interface Builder (1988), which popularized this geek of tool.Now there are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. Component Architectures The idea of creating interfaces by connecting distributively written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). It is now being widely popularized by Microsofts OLE and Apples OpenDoc architectures. 6. Discussion It is clear that all of the most important innovations in Human-Computer Interaction have benefited from research at both corporate research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government.The customary style of graphical user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a human body of standardization, where almost everyone is using the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, corporate, and government-supported research continue, so that we can develop the science and technology needed for the user interfaces of the future. Another important argument in favor of HCI research in universities is that computer science students need to know about user interface issues. user interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added competitive advantages of the future, as both computer hardware and basic software become commodities. If students do not know about user interfaces, they will not serve industry needs. It seems that only through computer science does HCI research disseminate out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of academic HCI research, there will be fewer PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate labs, and fewer top- notch graduates in this area will be interested in being professors, so the needed user interface courses will not be offered.As computers get faster, more of the touch on power is being devoted to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, intelligent agents, adaptive interfaces, video, and many other technologies now being investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs 35. It is imperative that this research continue and be well-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must thank a large number of people who responded to posts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi mailing list for their very generous help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short excerpt of this article. Much of the information in this article was supplied by (in alphabetical order) Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, Stuart K. Card, Bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, Dick Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, Harry Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, John Gould, Wayne Gray, Mark Green, Fred Hansen, Bill Hefley, D. Austin Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, Rob Jacob, Bonnie John, Sandy Kobayashi, T. K.Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, Don Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, Dick Pew, Ken Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, Richard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and Terry Winograd. Editorial comments were also provided by the above as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. References 1. Baecker, R. , et al. A Historical and Intellectual Perspective, in Readings in Human-Computer Interaction Toward the Year 2000, Second Edition, R. Baecker, et al. , Editors. 1995, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. San Francis co. pp. 35-47. 2. Brooks, F. The Computer Scientist as ToolsmithStudies in Interactive Computer Graphics, in IFIP conclave legal proceeding. 1977. pp. 625-634. 3. Burtnyk, N. and Wein, M. , Computer Generated Key Frame Animation. Journal Of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1971. 8(3) pp. 149-153. 4. Bush, V. , As We may Think. The Atlantic Monthly, 1945. 176(July) pp. 101-108.Reprinted and discussed in interactions, 3(2), Mar 1996, pp. 35-67. 5. Buxton, W. , et al. Towards a Comprehensive user Interface Management System, in legal proceeding SIGGRAPH83 Computer Graphics. 1983. Detroit, Mich. 17. pp. 35-42. 6. Card, S. K. , Pioneers and Settlers Methods Used in successful User Interface Design, in Human-Computer Interface Design Success Stories, rising Methods, and Real-World Context, M. Rudisill, et al. , Editors. 1996, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers San Francisco. pp. 122-169. 7. Coons, S. An Outline of the Requirements for a Computer-Aided Design System , in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 963. 23. pp. 299-304. 8. Engelbart, D. and English, W. , A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect. Reprinted in ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review, 1994. , 1968. 106 9. English, W. K. , Engelbart, D. C. , and Berman, M. L. , vaunting Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation. IEEE legal proceeding on Human Factors in Electronics, 1967. HFE-8(1) 10. Goldberg, A. , ed. A History of Personal Workstations. 1988, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company New York, NY. 537. 11. Goldberg, A. and Robson, D. A Metaphor for User Interface Design, in Proceedings of the 12th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1979. 1. pp. 48-157. 12. Henderson Jr, D. A. The Trillium User Interface Design Environment, in Proceedings SIGCHI86 Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1986. Boston, MA. pp. 221-227. 13. Johnson, T. Sketchpad III third Dimensional Graphical Communication with a Digital Computer, in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 347-353. 14. Kasik, D. J. A User Interface Management System, in Proceedings SIGGRAPH82 Computer Graphics. 1982. Boston, MA. 16. pp. 99-106. 15. Kay, A. , The Reactive Engine. PhD Thesis, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Utah, 1969, 16. Kay, A. , Personal Dynamic Media. IEEE Computer, 1977. 10(3) pp. 31-42. 17. Koved, L. and Shneiderman, B. , Embedded menus Selecting items in context. Communications of the ACM, 1986. 4(29) pp. 312-318. 18. Levinthal, C. , Molecular Model-Building by Computer. Scientific American, 1966. 214(6) pp. 42-52. 19. Levy, S. , Hackers Heroes of the Computer Revolution. 1984, Garden City, NY Anchor Press/Doubleday. 20. Licklider, J. C. R. and Taylor, R. W. , The computer as Communication Device. Sci. Tech. , 1968. April pp. 21-31. 21. Linton, M. A. , Vlissides, J. M. , and Calder, P. R. , Composing user interfaces with InterViews. IEEE Computer, 1989. 2(2) pp. 8-22. 22. Meyrowitz, N. and Van Dam, A. , Interactive Editing Syst ems Part 1 and 2. ACM Computing Surveys, 1982. 14(3) pp. 321-352. 23. Myers, B. A. , The User Interface for Sapphire. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1984. 4(12) pp. 13-23. 24. Myers, B. A. , A Taxonomy of User Interfaces for Window Managers. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1988. 8(5) pp. 65-84. 25. Myers, B. A. , All the Widgets. SIGGRAPH Video Review, 1990. 57 26. Myers, B. A. , User Interface Software Tools. ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 1995. 2(1) pp. 64-103. 27. Myers, B. A. , et al. The Amulet V2. 0 Reference Manual . Carnegie Mellon University Computer Science section Report, Number, Feb, 1996. System available from http//www. cs. cmu. edu/amulet. 28. Myers, B. A. , et al. , Garnet Comprehensive Support for Graphical, Highly-Interactive User Interfaces. IEEE Computer, 1990. 23(11) pp. 71-85. 29. Nelson, T. A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate, in Proceedings ACM National Conference. 1965. pp. 84-100. 30. Newman, W. M. A System for Interactive Graphical programing, in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1968. 28. pp. 47-54. 31. Nielsen, J. multimedia system and Hypertext the Internet and Beyond. 1995, Boston Academic Press Professional. 32. Palay, A. 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Computing Surveys, 1971. 3(3) pp. 93-114. 51. Williams, G. , The Lisa Computer System. Byte Magazine, 1983. 8(2) pp. 33-50. 52. Williams, G. , The Apple Macintosh Computer. Byte, 1984. 9(2) pp. 30-54.

Health Law and Regulations Essay

In understanding regulatory agencies the differences between regulation and legislation needs defining. Legislation is the jurisprudence that has been passed by a voting forge and regulation is the responsibility of the regulatory board appointed to enforce laws once the law is passed it sets forth rules on how the laws argon to be implemented and to what degree. In health mission the part of health and Human Services (HHS) has the predominant responsibility to enforce legislation that impacts the health and well-being of Ameri gages. Under the umbrella of HHS there are 13 regulatory agencies tasked with setting rules on the enforcement of the legislation passed by lawmakers.Regulatory Agencies cardinal of the most influential regulatory agencies within HHS are the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the totality for Medi carry on and Medicaid Services (CMS), these two agencies have substantial influence on constantlyy aspect of health care delivery. The FDA i s responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, checkup devices, medicates, vaccines, birth products and biologics. In addition, they monitor medical errors and adverse reactions and reporting such to providers, (U.S. section of Health and Human Services, 2011). CMS controls the Medicare syllabus and works in collaboration with state governments to oversee Medicaid, and the State Childrens Health Insurance course of study (SCHIP).In addition to these responsibilities, CMS dispenses criteria from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), surveys and certifies quality standards in long-term care facilities, and clinical laboratories, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The proportion of national health spending sponsored by both federal, state, and local governments was 45% in 2010, a significant source of revenue depended on by providers of health care, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011).Current FDA RegulationsThe Patient surety and Affordable Care Act (PPAC Act), amended the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to create a shortened authorization route for medications found to be highly similar or interchangeable with an FDA-approved medication, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The goal is similar to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Act), which produced condensed methods for the approval of drug products under Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&C Act). The answer is aimed at the FDAs instituted policy of eachowing confidence on what is already known about a drug, gum olibanum protecting time and resources, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).To help increase access to affordable prescription medications, the FDA implemented measures to expedite the development and approval of generic drugs. Generic drugs cost 50 to 70% less(prenominal) th an their brand-name counterparts equating to a thrifts of eight to ten billion dollars a year at sell pharmacies, (Crawford, June). These savings do not include the c alone of generic drugs in an institutional setting. PPAC expands on the expend of generic drugs and incorporates using medications that have the equal efficacy as another more expensive medication leading to more options in the prescribing of medications. The practice of using generic drugs is not without concern. As evidenced by the case Pliva v. Mensing where the question was the safety standards for brand-name drug labeling also apply to generic-drug manufacturers.The patients in the case took the generic drug metoclopramide and developed tardive dyskinesia, which was listed on the label. The patients argued the warning was not adequate and the manufacturer argued the changes being effected process was not available to generic-drug manufacturers beca wasting disease the FDA requires labels for generic versions of drugs to be identical to those of the brand-name drugs, (Glantz & Annas, 2011). The FDA upheld the manufacturers claim although the FDA added the manufacturer had a responsibility to request a label change if the manufacturer knew a stronger warning was needed to mart the drug safely.The court found in favor of the manufacturer stating federal law still preempted injure patients from bringing lawsuits in state courts, beca riding habit the state laws in question require a safer label, not communication with the FDA about the possibility of creating a safer label, (Glantz & Annas, 2011, p. 682). Despite this regulatory standing, a controversial issue whitethorn necessitate for the FDA in the allowance of medications to be interchanged to promote an additional avenue for savings in prescription medications. oftentimes foresight needs to be included to protect the safety and well-being of patients.Current CMS RegulationsThe Health nurture Technology for Economic and Clinical He alth (HITECH) Act, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), is legislation aimed at the adoption and meaningful use of health information engine room. CMS was authorized to establish incentive programs for eligible Medicare and Medicaid providers who adopt, implement, upgrade, or meaningfully use certified electronic health records (EHR). The term meaningful use is an acknowledgement that change health care is not the product of technology but a method to exchange and use health information to support clinical decisions at the point of care. To qualify for CMS incentive program the provider must obtain certified electronic health record technology. An incentive of $44 thousand can be achieved by an eligible professional who shows meaningful use over a five year period. Hospitals implementing a certified EHR system can qualify for a two million dollar theme payment.In 2015 Medicare will implement a reduction in payment to those not displaying meaningful u se. The decrease in payment begins at one share and rises each year that hospitals and providers receiving Medicare payments do not make evident meaningful use, to a maximum reduction of five percent, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). The use of EHRs is supercharged by touting improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of health care delivery. A study on the use of EHR in 2952 hospitals in the United States revealed 12% of hospitals had instituted electronic physicians notes across all clinical units and 17% had instituted computerized provider-order entry for medications in all clinical units, (Jha, et al., 2009). The cited barriers to implementation of EHR were inadequate capital (74%), maintenance costs (44%), resistance of physicians (36%), unclear return on investment (32%), and lack of available staff with expertise in information technology (30%), (Jha, et al., 2009).Ironically, the hospitals who had implemented the use of EHRs cited mon etary reasons such as additional compensation for electronic health record use (82%) and financial enticements for implementation (75%), (Jha, et al., 2009). The estimated cost of purchasing, installing, and implementing an EHR system in a providers office is approximately $40,000 and this convention does not reflect the cost of maintenance, (Blumentha, 2009). A survey by the American Hospital Association revealed the average annual capital investment on information technology was over $700,000 and represented 15% of all capital expenses. Operating expenses were much higher at $1.7 million, or 2 percent of all direct expenses, (National Institutes of Health, 2006, p. 18).Although there are indisputable reasons for implementing an EHR system, CMS incentive program is merely a pittance compared to the ongoing costs of available expenses. The concept of all health care providers possessing an EHR system is ideal. As with any form of electronic technology comes the prospect of perso nal information being violated. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does provide for penalties from $ c to $1.5 million, depending on the violation and whether it was done unknowingly or willfully and can include imprisonment up to 10 years. HIPAA protects the health information of individuals it does not create a private cause of action for those aggrieved, (The ecumenical counselor Department of Health and Human Services, 2005).ConclusionFederal regulatory agencies are a demand to interpret and assist in the implementation of legislation. Without federal regulatory agencies the United States would have over 50 different interpretations on one piece of legislation. The FDA and CMS play a significant role in the ever changing health care arena. The FDA is based on scientific integrity evidenced by the recent publication of defined key principles of scientific integrity. Through this commitment to scientific integrity and quality the FDA provides medic al safety to the American people. Through research and establishing guidelines the FDA has been instrumental in making generic drugs available to the public, saving them more than eight billion dollars annually.The PPAC tasked the FDA has been tasked with expanding on the generic drug practice by discovering medications that have the same efficacy as another medications leading to more cost saving options in the prescribing of medications. CMS has been tasked with implementing HITECH that has the promise of decrease costs and errors in health care delivery. This is a lofty goal with over 80 percent of the United States hospitals without any type of electronic health record in place.The financial incentive provided by the federal government through CMS does not seem to be enough of a motivator to encourage the financial commitment of an EHR. Although, after 2015 when hospitals and providers have not demonstrated meaningful use these providers of Medicare services may be more inclined when losing one percent of their Medicare payments. These regulatory agencies and the legislation cited in this paper are a minute representation of the responsibility and obligation the federal agencies have to protect the well-being of the American people. The cited legislation delegated to these regulatory agencies is not only focused on health but financial reserve and safety of the American people.ReferencesBlumentha, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. Retrieved from The New England Journal of medicament http//www.nejm.org/inside/full/10.1056/NEJMp0901592 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, October 17). Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Program Basics. Retrieved from CMS.gov https//www.cms.gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/35_Basics.asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, September). National Health Expenditures 2010 Sponsor Highlights. Retrieved from CMS.gov https//www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloa ds/sponsors.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from CMS.gov http//www.cms.gov/home/aboutcms.asp Crawford, L. (June, 23 2004). The right of Biologic Medicine. Retrieved from FDA http//www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113745.htm Glantz, L., & Annas, G. (2011, August 25). Impossible? Outlawing State Safety Laws for Generic Drugs. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine http//www.nejm.org/inside/full/10.1056/NEJMp1107832 Jha, A., DesRoches, C., Campbell, E. G., Donelan, K., Rao, S., Ferris, T., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 16). Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900592t=articleBackground National Institutes of Health. (2006, April). Electronic Health Records Overview. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health http//www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/informatics/EHR.pdf The General Counsel Departmentof Health and Human S ervices. (2005, June 1). SCOPE OF CRIMINALENFORCEMENT UNDER 42 U.S.C. 1320d-6. Retrieved from The United States Department of Justice http//www.justice.gov/olc/hipaa_final.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, November 16). FDA Fundamentals. Retrieved from About FDA http//www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm192695.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, March 10). effectuation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009. Retrieved from U.S. Food and Drug Administration http//www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm215089.htm