Health Law and Regulations Essay

In understanding regulatory agencies the differences between regulation and legislation needs defining. Legislation is the jurisprudence that has been passed by a voting forge and regulation is the responsibility of the regulatory board appointed to enforce laws once the law is passed it sets forth rules on how the laws argon to be implemented and to what degree. In health mission the part of health and Human Services (HHS) has the predominant responsibility to enforce legislation that impacts the health and well-being of Ameri gages. Under the umbrella of HHS there are 13 regulatory agencies tasked with setting rules on the enforcement of the legislation passed by lawmakers.Regulatory Agencies cardinal of the most influential regulatory agencies within HHS are the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the totality for Medi carry on and Medicaid Services (CMS), these two agencies have substantial influence on constantlyy aspect of health care delivery. The FDA i s responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, checkup devices, medicates, vaccines, birth products and biologics. In addition, they monitor medical errors and adverse reactions and reporting such to providers, (U.S. section of Health and Human Services, 2011). CMS controls the Medicare syllabus and works in collaboration with state governments to oversee Medicaid, and the State Childrens Health Insurance course of study (SCHIP).In addition to these responsibilities, CMS dispenses criteria from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), surveys and certifies quality standards in long-term care facilities, and clinical laboratories, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The proportion of national health spending sponsored by both federal, state, and local governments was 45% in 2010, a significant source of revenue depended on by providers of health care, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011).Current FDA RegulationsThe Patient surety and Affordable Care Act (PPAC Act), amended the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to create a shortened authorization route for medications found to be highly similar or interchangeable with an FDA-approved medication, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The goal is similar to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Act), which produced condensed methods for the approval of drug products under Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&C Act). The answer is aimed at the FDAs instituted policy of eachowing confidence on what is already known about a drug, gum olibanum protecting time and resources, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).To help increase access to affordable prescription medications, the FDA implemented measures to expedite the development and approval of generic drugs. Generic drugs cost 50 to 70% less(prenominal) th an their brand-name counterparts equating to a thrifts of eight to ten billion dollars a year at sell pharmacies, (Crawford, June). These savings do not include the c alone of generic drugs in an institutional setting. PPAC expands on the expend of generic drugs and incorporates using medications that have the equal efficacy as another more expensive medication leading to more options in the prescribing of medications. The practice of using generic drugs is not without concern. As evidenced by the case Pliva v. Mensing where the question was the safety standards for brand-name drug labeling also apply to generic-drug manufacturers.The patients in the case took the generic drug metoclopramide and developed tardive dyskinesia, which was listed on the label. The patients argued the warning was not adequate and the manufacturer argued the changes being effected process was not available to generic-drug manufacturers beca wasting disease the FDA requires labels for generic versions of drugs to be identical to those of the brand-name drugs, (Glantz & Annas, 2011). The FDA upheld the manufacturers claim although the FDA added the manufacturer had a responsibility to request a label change if the manufacturer knew a stronger warning was needed to mart the drug safely.The court found in favor of the manufacturer stating federal law still preempted injure patients from bringing lawsuits in state courts, beca riding habit the state laws in question require a safer label, not communication with the FDA about the possibility of creating a safer label, (Glantz & Annas, 2011, p. 682). Despite this regulatory standing, a controversial issue whitethorn necessitate for the FDA in the allowance of medications to be interchanged to promote an additional avenue for savings in prescription medications. oftentimes foresight needs to be included to protect the safety and well-being of patients.Current CMS RegulationsThe Health nurture Technology for Economic and Clinical He alth (HITECH) Act, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), is legislation aimed at the adoption and meaningful use of health information engine room. CMS was authorized to establish incentive programs for eligible Medicare and Medicaid providers who adopt, implement, upgrade, or meaningfully use certified electronic health records (EHR). The term meaningful use is an acknowledgement that change health care is not the product of technology but a method to exchange and use health information to support clinical decisions at the point of care. To qualify for CMS incentive program the provider must obtain certified electronic health record technology. An incentive of $44 thousand can be achieved by an eligible professional who shows meaningful use over a five year period. Hospitals implementing a certified EHR system can qualify for a two million dollar theme payment.In 2015 Medicare will implement a reduction in payment to those not displaying meaningful u se. The decrease in payment begins at one share and rises each year that hospitals and providers receiving Medicare payments do not make evident meaningful use, to a maximum reduction of five percent, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). The use of EHRs is supercharged by touting improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of health care delivery. A study on the use of EHR in 2952 hospitals in the United States revealed 12% of hospitals had instituted electronic physicians notes across all clinical units and 17% had instituted computerized provider-order entry for medications in all clinical units, (Jha, et al., 2009). The cited barriers to implementation of EHR were inadequate capital (74%), maintenance costs (44%), resistance of physicians (36%), unclear return on investment (32%), and lack of available staff with expertise in information technology (30%), (Jha, et al., 2009).Ironically, the hospitals who had implemented the use of EHRs cited mon etary reasons such as additional compensation for electronic health record use (82%) and financial enticements for implementation (75%), (Jha, et al., 2009). The estimated cost of purchasing, installing, and implementing an EHR system in a providers office is approximately $40,000 and this convention does not reflect the cost of maintenance, (Blumentha, 2009). A survey by the American Hospital Association revealed the average annual capital investment on information technology was over $700,000 and represented 15% of all capital expenses. Operating expenses were much higher at $1.7 million, or 2 percent of all direct expenses, (National Institutes of Health, 2006, p. 18).Although there are indisputable reasons for implementing an EHR system, CMS incentive program is merely a pittance compared to the ongoing costs of available expenses. The concept of all health care providers possessing an EHR system is ideal. As with any form of electronic technology comes the prospect of perso nal information being violated. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does provide for penalties from $ c to $1.5 million, depending on the violation and whether it was done unknowingly or willfully and can include imprisonment up to 10 years. HIPAA protects the health information of individuals it does not create a private cause of action for those aggrieved, (The ecumenical counselor Department of Health and Human Services, 2005).ConclusionFederal regulatory agencies are a demand to interpret and assist in the implementation of legislation. Without federal regulatory agencies the United States would have over 50 different interpretations on one piece of legislation. The FDA and CMS play a significant role in the ever changing health care arena. The FDA is based on scientific integrity evidenced by the recent publication of defined key principles of scientific integrity. Through this commitment to scientific integrity and quality the FDA provides medic al safety to the American people. Through research and establishing guidelines the FDA has been instrumental in making generic drugs available to the public, saving them more than eight billion dollars annually.The PPAC tasked the FDA has been tasked with expanding on the generic drug practice by discovering medications that have the same efficacy as another medications leading to more cost saving options in the prescribing of medications. CMS has been tasked with implementing HITECH that has the promise of decrease costs and errors in health care delivery. This is a lofty goal with over 80 percent of the United States hospitals without any type of electronic health record in place.The financial incentive provided by the federal government through CMS does not seem to be enough of a motivator to encourage the financial commitment of an EHR. Although, after 2015 when hospitals and providers have not demonstrated meaningful use these providers of Medicare services may be more inclined when losing one percent of their Medicare payments. These regulatory agencies and the legislation cited in this paper are a minute representation of the responsibility and obligation the federal agencies have to protect the well-being of the American people. The cited legislation delegated to these regulatory agencies is not only focused on health but financial reserve and safety of the American people.ReferencesBlumentha, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. Retrieved from The New England Journal of medicament http//www.nejm.org/inside/full/10.1056/NEJMp0901592 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, October 17). Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Program Basics. Retrieved from CMS.gov https//www.cms.gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/35_Basics.asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, September). National Health Expenditures 2010 Sponsor Highlights. Retrieved from CMS.gov https//www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloa ds/sponsors.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from CMS.gov http//www.cms.gov/home/aboutcms.asp Crawford, L. (June, 23 2004). The right of Biologic Medicine. Retrieved from FDA http//www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113745.htm Glantz, L., & Annas, G. (2011, August 25). Impossible? Outlawing State Safety Laws for Generic Drugs. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine http//www.nejm.org/inside/full/10.1056/NEJMp1107832 Jha, A., DesRoches, C., Campbell, E. G., Donelan, K., Rao, S., Ferris, T., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 16). Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900592t=articleBackground National Institutes of Health. (2006, April). Electronic Health Records Overview. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health http//www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/informatics/EHR.pdf The General Counsel Departmentof Health and Human S ervices. (2005, June 1). SCOPE OF CRIMINALENFORCEMENT UNDER 42 U.S.C. 1320d-6. Retrieved from The United States Department of Justice http//www.justice.gov/olc/hipaa_final.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, November 16). FDA Fundamentals. Retrieved from About FDA http//www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm192695.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, March 10). effectuation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009. Retrieved from U.S. Food and Drug Administration http//www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm215089.htm